Abstract
Hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGP) comprise a super-family of extracellular structural glycoproteins whose precise roles in plant cell wall assembly and functioning remain to be elucidated. However, their extended structure and repetitive block co-polymer character of HRGPs may mediate their self-assembly as wall scaffolds by like-with-like alignment of their hydrophobic peptide and hydrophilic glycopeptide modules. Intermolecular crosslinking further stabilizes the scaffold. Thus the design of HRGP-based scaffolds may have practical applications in bionanotechnology and medicine. As a first step, we have used single-molecule or single-aggregate atomic force microscopy (AFM) to visualize the structure of YK20, an amphiphilic HRGP comprised entirely of 20 tandem repeats of: Ser-Hyp4-Ser-Hyp-Ser-Hyp4-Tyr-Tyr-Tyr-Lys. YK20 formed tightly aggregated coils at low ionic strength, but networks of entangled chains with a porosity of ~0.5–3 μm at higher ionic strength. As a second step we have begun to design HRGP-carbon nanotube composites. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) can be considered as seamless cylinders rolled up from graphene sheets. These unique all-carbon structures have extraordinary aromatic and hydrophobic properties and form aggregated bundles due to strong inter-tube van der Waals interactions. Sonicating aggregated SWNT bundles with aqueous YK20 solubilized them presumably by interaction with the repetitive, hydrophobic, Tyr-rich peptide modules of YK20 with retention of the extended polyproline-II character. This may allow YK20 to form extended structures that could potentially be used as scaffolds for site-directed assembly of nanomaterials.
References
Kieliszewski MJ: Phytochemistry. 2001,57(3):319–323. COI number [1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjtFCnu7c%3D] 10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00029-2
Kieliszewski MJ, Shpak E: Cell. Mol. Life Sci.. 2001,58(10):1386–1398. COI number [1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXnslKjsL4%3D] 10.1007/PL00000783
Shpak E, Barbar E, Leykam JF, Kieliszewski MJ: J Biol Chem. 2001,276(14):11272–11278. COI number [1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjvFGjsbo%3D] 10.1074/jbc.M011323200
Shpak E, Leykam JF, Kieliszewski MJ: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 1999,96(26):14736–14741. COI number [1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhtFahsA%3D%3D] 10.1073/pnas.96.26.14736
Held MA, Tan L, Kamyab A, Hare M, Shpak E, Kieliszewski MJ: J. Biol. Chem.. 2004,279(53):55474–55482. COI number [1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtFeis7vE] 10.1074/jbc.M408396200
Bustamante C, Rivetti C, Keller DJ: Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol.. 1997,7(5):709–716. COI number [1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXmvVGnu70%3D] 10.1016/S0959-440X(97)80082-6
Hansma HG, Kasuya K, Oroudjev E: Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol.. 2004,14(3):380–385. COI number [1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXkvV2ntrs%3D] 10.1016/j.sbi.2004.05.005
Hansma HG, Pietrasanta LI, Auerbach ID, Sorenson C, Golan R, Holden PA: J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed.. 2000,11(7):675–683. COI number [1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXmvFKhu78%3D] 10.1163/156856200743940
Chen LW, Haushalter KA, Lieber CM, Verdine GL: Chem. Biol.. 2002,9(3):345–350. COI number [1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XitlGgt7k%3D] 10.1016/S1074-5521(02)00120-5
Bustamante C, Rivetti C: Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct.. 1996, 25: 395–429. COI number [1:CAS:528:DyaK28XjslyisL4%3D]
Hafner JH, Cheung C, Woolley AT, Lieber CM: Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol.. 2001,77(1):73–110. COI number [1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXltlKksrw%3D] 10.1016/S0079-6107(01)00011-6
Woolley AT, Guillemette C, Cheung CL, Housman DE, Lieber CM: Nat. Biotechnol.. 2000,18(7):760–763. COI number [1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXltFCmsr0%3D] 10.1038/77332
Dougherty DA: Science. 1996,271(5246):163–168. COI number [1:CAS:528:DyaK28XktFOlsw%3D%3D] 10.1126/science.271.5246.163
Schmitt JD, Sharples CGV, Caldwell WS: J. Med. Chem.. 1999,42(16):3066–3074. COI number [1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXksFGhsrg%3D] 10.1021/jm990093z
Odom TW, Huang JL, Kim P, Lieber CM: J. Phys. Chem. B. 2000,104(13):2794–2809. COI number [1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhtVCktbc%3D] 10.1021/jp993592k
Saito R, Dresselhaus G, Dresselhaus MS: Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes. Imperial College Press, London; 1998.
Avouris P: Acc. Chem. Res.. 2002,35(12):1026–1034. COI number [1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xls1GgurY%3D] 10.1021/ar010152e
Baughman RH, Zakhidov AA, de Heer WA: Science. 2002,297(5582):787–792. COI number [1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XlvVyhsrw%3D] 10.1126/science.1060928
Ouyang M, Huang JL, Lieber CM: Acc. Chem. Res.. 2002,35(12):1018–1025. COI number [1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XmtVymu74%3D] 10.1021/ar0101685
Zheng M, Jagota A, Semke ED, Diner BA, McLean RS, Lustig SR, Richardson RE, Tassi NG: Nat. Mater.. 2003,2(5):338–342. COI number [1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjtlalur4%3D] 10.1038/nmat877
Sinani VA, Gheith MK, Yaroslavov AA, Rakhnyanskaya AA, Sun K, Mamedov AA, Wicksted JP, Kotov NA: Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2005,127(10):3463–3472. COI number [1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhsFCguro%3D] 10.1021/ja045670+
Dieckmann GR, Dalton AB, Johnson PA, Razal J, Chen J, Giordano GM, Munoz E, Musselman IH, Baughman RH, Draper RK: J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 2003,125(7):1770–1777. COI number [1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXmtVSnug%3D%3D] COI number [1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXmtVSnug%3D%3D] 10.1021/ja029084x
D. Wang, W.X. Ji, Z.C. Li, L.W. Chen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. ASAP article (2006)
O’Connell MJ, Bachilo SM, Huffman CB, Moore VC, Strano MS, Haroz EH, Rialon KL, Boul PJ, Noon WH, Kittrell C, Ma JP, Hauge RH, Weisman RB, Smalley RE: Science. 2002,297(5581):593–596. COI number [1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XlslWrsrY%3D] 10.1126/science.1072631
Richard C, Balavoine F, Schultz P, Ebbesen TW, Mioskowski C: Science. 2003,300(5620):775–778. COI number [1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjtlSkt78%3D] 10.1126/science.1080848
Zheng M, Jagota A, Strano MS, Santos AP, Barone P, S. G. Chou, B.A. Diner, Dresselhaus MS, McLean RS, Onoa GB, Samsonidze GG, Semke ED, Usrey M, Walls DJ: Science. 2003,302(5650):1545–1548. COI number [1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXpt1Sms7c%3D] 10.1126/science.1091911
Acknowledgments
B. W. thanks the Ohio Univeristy PACE (Program to Aid Career Exploration) for financial support. This project was supported by grants from the Ohio University NanobioTechnology Initiative (NBTI), the Herman Frasch Foundation (526-HF02), and the United States Department of Agriculture (2004–34490–14579).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
About this article
Cite this article
Wegenhart, B., Tan, L., Held, M. et al. Aggregate structure of hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) and HRGP assisted dispersion of carbon nanotubes. Nanoscale Res Lett 1, 154 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11671-006-9006-8
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11671-006-9006-8