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Table 1 Variables affecting nanoparticle uptake and subcellular localization

From: Nanoparticles for Applications in Cellular Imaging

Nanoparticle

Cell type

Localization

Uptake mechanism

References

1. NP size

50 nm silica magnetic NP

A549 lung cancer

Endosomal

CME

Kim et al. [12]

24 and 43 nm Polystyrene(PST)

HeLa

24 nm = perinuclear, 43 nm = lysosome

24 nm = CME independent, 43 nm = CME

Lai et al. [13]

100 nm PLGA

Primary RHEC

Membrane bound, intracellular

Clathrin?, Caveolin independent

Qaddoumi et al. [32]

78 nm–1 μm Microspheres

RBC

Cytoplasm

Passive uptake?

Rothen-Rutishauser et al. [14]

40 nm–4.5 μm Microshperes

Dendritic

Cytoplasm and membrane bound

No experimental evidence

Foged et al. [11]

2. NP charge

PEG-PLA NP(+) and (−) charge

HeLa

Both types perinuclear

(+) NP = CME/macropinocytosis, (−) NP = CME/caveolin independent

Harush-Frenkel et al. [30]

100 nm MSN (uncoated, weak, moderate, and strong (+) charge)

hMSC and 3T3-L1

No experimental evidence

hMSC: uncoated, weak, mod. (+) = CME, strong (+) unknown. 3T3-L1 = All CME

Chung et al. [10]

3. Cell type

78 nm–1 μm PST Microsphere

Macrophage vs. RBC

Intracellular, not membrane bound

Macrophage: 1 μm = phagocytosis, .078–0.2 μm = actin-independent; RBC: all actin-independent

Geiser et al. [33]

MSN strongly (+)

hMSC vs. 3T3-L1

No experimental evidence

hMSC = CME-independent, 3T3-L1 = CME

Chung et al. [10]

4. Surface modifications

Folic acid-LDL NP

KB Cells (FR+)

Cytoplasm, not in nucleus

Receptor mediated endocytosis

Zheng et al. [38]

PVA and vitamin E TPGS coated PLGA NPs

Caco-2

Cytoplasm and nucleus

No experimental evidence

Win and Feng [108]

Trastuzumab—HSA NP

BT-474 and SK-BR-3

No experimental evidence

Receptor mediated endocytosis

Steinhauser et al. [40]

Tat peptide conjugated Gold NP

hTERT-BJ1 fibroblast

Nucleus

No experimental evidence

de la Fuente and Berry [73]

  1. NP = nanoparticle, PEG = poly(ethylene glycol), CME = clathrin-mediated endocytosis, PLGA = Poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid), (+) = positively charged, (−) = negatively charged, MSN = mesoporous silica nanoparticle, hMSC = human mesenchymal stem cell, RBC = red blood cell, FR+ = folate receptor positive, LDL = low density lipoprotein, PVA = polyvinyl alcohol, TPGS = d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate, HSA = human serum albumin

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