Table 1 The hierarchical oxidative stress model
Level of oxidative stress | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Low | Medium | High | |
Response pathways: | Anti-oxidant defense | Inflammation | Cytotoxicity |
Signaling pathway: | Nrf-2 | MAP kinase NF-κB cascade | Mitochondrial PT pore |
Genetic response: | Anti-oxidant response element | AP-1 NF-κB | N/A |
Outcome: | Phase II enzymes | Cytokines chemokines | Apoptosis |