Thermal Evaporation Synthesis and Properties of ZnO Nano/Microstructures Using Carbon Group Elements as the Reducing Agents

Nanoscale Research Letters

Table 1 T_heat and intrinsic properties of the carbon group elements for synthesizing ZnO nano/microstructures

Reducing agent	T_heat(°C)	IE = (IE₁ + IE₂; kJ mol⁻¹)	Vapor pressure (torr)^a	Melting point (°C)
Graphite	1,000	3,439		3,652
Si	850	2,364	4.0 × 10⁻¹¹	1,410
Ge	700	2,299	2.0 × 10⁻¹¹	937
Sn	800	2,219	7.1 × 10⁻⁷	231
Pb	800	2,165	5.0 × 10⁻²	328