Figure 3

Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis assay results: Flow cytometry profiles represent Annexin-V-FITC staining in X-axis and PI in Y-axis: (a) control, i.e., neither PSi nor laser treatment (control), (b) PSi treatment only, (c) NIR laser treatment only (for 20 min at 600 mW/cm²), and (d) PSi treatment (PSi concentration = 0.7 g/L) followed by laser treatment (for 20 min at 600 mW/cm²). (e) Summary of the Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis assay results showing the percentages of cell death modes: necrosis, late apoptosis, early apoptosis, and live cell.