Table 1 Enhancement of thermal conductivity of water on addition of nanoparticles reported in the literature [13, 14, 17–42].
Particle material | Particle size (nm) | Concentration (vol.%) | Thermal conductivity ratio (Keff/Kf) | Remarks | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu | 100 | 2.50-7.50 | 1.24-1.78 | Laurate salt Surfactant | [18] |
100-200 | 0.05 | 1.116 | Spherical and square | [19] | |
Not available | 0.05 | 1.036 | - | ||
130-200 | 0.05 | 1.085 | Spherical and square | ||
75-100 | 0.1 | 1.238 | Spherical and square | ||
50-100 | 0.1 | 1.238 | Spherical and square | ||
100-300 | 0.1 | 1.110 | Spherical, square, and needle | ||
130-300 | 0.2 | 1.097 | Spherical | ||
200 × 500 | 0.2 | 1.132 | Needle | ||
250 | 0.2 | 1.036 | Spherical, square, and needle | ||
Ag | 60-70 | 0.001 | 1.30 | 30°C | [20] |
1.04 | 40°C | ||||
8-15 | 0.10-0.39 | 1.03-1.11 | - | [21] | |
Au | 10-20 | 0.00013 | 1.03 | 30°C (citerate reduced) | [20] |
1.05 | 40°C (citerate reduced) | ||||
0.00026 | 1.05 | 30°C (citerate reduced) | |||
1.08 | 60°C (citerate reduced) | ||||
Fe | 10 | 0.2-0.55 | 1.14-1.18 | - | [22] |
Al2Cu | 30 | 1.0-2.0 | 1.48-1.98 | - | [23] |
65 | 1.4-1.78 | - | |||
104 | 1.35-1.60 | - | |||
Ag2Al | 30 | 1.0-2.0 | 1.5-2.1 | - | [23] |
80 | 1.4-1.9 | - | |||
120 | 1.3-1.75 | - | |||
CuO | 36 | 5 | 1.6 | - | [13] |
23.6 | 1.00-3.41 | 1.03-1.12 | - | [24] | |
23 | 4.50-9.70 | 1.18-1.36 | - | [17] | |
28.6 | 1.00-4.00 | 1.07-1.14 | 21°C | [25] | |
1.22-1.26 | 36°C | ||||
1.29-1.36 | 51°C | ||||
- | 1.00 | 1.05 | - | [26] | |
25 | 0.03-0.30 | 1.04-1.12 | pH = 3 | [27] | |
1.02-1.07 | pH = 6 | ||||
29 | 2.00-6.00 | 1.35-1.36 | 28.9°C | [28] | |
1.35-1.50 | 31.3°C | ||||
1.38-1.51 | 33.4°C | ||||
29 | 0-16 | 1.00-1.24 | - | [29] | |
Al2O3 | 13 | 1.30-4.30 | 1.109-1.324 | 31.85°C | [30] |
1.100-1.296 | 46.85°C | ||||
1.092-1.262 | 66.85°C | ||||
38.4 | 1.00-4.30 | 1.03-1.10 | - | [24] | |
28 | 3.00-5.00 | 1.12-1.16 | - | [17] | |
60.4 | 1.80-5.00 | 1.07-1.21 | - | [31] | |
60.4 | 5.00 | 1.23 | - | [32] | |
38.4 | 1.00-4.00 | 1.02-1.09 | 21°C | [25] | |
1.07-1.16 | 36°C | ||||
1.10-1.24 | 51°C | ||||
27-56 | 1.6 | 1.10 | Sodium dodeculbenzene sulfonate | [33] | |
11 | 1.00 | 1.09 | 21°C | [34] | |
1.15 | 71°C | ||||
47 | 1.03 | 21°C | |||
1.10 | 71°C | ||||
150 | 1.004 | 21°C | |||
1.09 | 71°C | ||||
47 | 4.00 | 1.08 | 21°C | ||
1.29 | 71°C | ||||
36 | 2.0-10.0 | 1.08-1.11 | 27.5°C | [28] | |
1.15-1.22 | 32.5°C | ||||
1.18-1.29 | 34.7°C | ||||
36-47 | 0-18 | 1.00-1.31 | - | [29] | |
SiO2 | 12 | 1.10-2.30 | 1.010-1.011 | 31.85°C | [30] |
1.009-1.010 | 46.85°C | ||||
1.10-2.40 | 1.005-1.007 | 66.85°C | |||
- | 1.00 | 1.03 | - | [26] | |
15-20 | 1.00-4.00 | 1.02-1.05 | - | [21] | |
TiO2 | 27 | 3.25-4.30 | 1.080-1.105 | 31.85°C | [30] |
1.084-1.108 | 46.85°C | ||||
1.075-1.099 | 86.85°C | ||||
15 | 0.50-5.00 | 1.05-1.30 | Sphere (CTAB) | [35] | |
10 × 40 | 1.08-1.33 | Rod (CTAB) | |||
SiC | 26 | 4.2 | 1.158 | Sphere | [36] |
600 | 4.00 | 1.229 | Cylinder | ||
MWCNT | 15 × 30000 | 0.40-1.00 | 1.03-1.07 | - | [37] |
100 × >50000 | 0.60 | 1.38 | Sodium dodecyl sulfate | [38] | |
20-60 dia | 0.04-0.84 | 1.04-1.24 | Sodium dodecyl benzene 20°C | [39] | |
1.05-1.31 | Sodium dodecyl benzene 45°C | ||||
130 × >10000 | 0.60 | 1.34 | CATB | [40] | |
- | 0-1 wt% | 1.00-1.10 | Gum Arabic 20°C | [41] | |
1.00-1.30 | Gum Arabic 25°C | ||||
1.00-1.80 | Gum Arabic 30°C | ||||
- | 1.00 | 1.07 | - | [26] | |
- | 0.6 | 1.39 | SDS 0.1 mass% | [42] | |
1.23 | SDS 0.5 m ass% | ||||
1.30 | SDS 2 mass% | ||||
1.28 | SDS 3 mass% | ||||
1.19 | CTAB 0.1 mass% | ||||
1.34 | CTAB 1 mass% | ||||
1.34 | CTAB 3 mass% | ||||
1.28 | CTAB 6 mass% | ||||
1.11 | Triton 0.17 mass% | ||||
1.12 | Triton 0.35 mass% | ||||
1.13 | Triton 0.5 mass% | ||||
1.11 | Triton 1 mass% | ||||
1.28 | Nanosperse 0.7 mass% | ||||
0.75 | 1.03 | CTAB 1 mass% | |||
1.02 | CTAB 3 mass% | ||||
1 | 1.08 | CTAB 5.5 mass% |