A review of experimental investigations on thermal phenomena in nanofluids

Table 1 Thermal conductivity values

Sl.no.	Base fluid	Nanoparticle	Avg particle size (nm)	Conc. (vol.%)	Sonication time (h)	Temp. (°C)	Enhancement	Method of measurement	Uncertainty %
1	Distilled water	Al₂O₃	36	10	3	27.5-34.7	1.3 times	Steady state	2.5
2	Distilled water	CuO	29	6	3	34	1.52 times	Steady state	2.5
3	Distilled water	Al₂O₃	28.6	1	12	21-51	2-10.8%	Temperature oscillation	2.7
4	Distilled water	Al₂O₃	28.6	4	12	21-51	9.4-24.3%	Temperature oscillation	2.7
5	Distilled water	CuO	38.4	1	12	21-51	6.5-29%	Temperature oscillation	2.7
6	Distilled water	CuO	38.4	1	12	21-51	14-36%	Temperature oscillation	2.7
7	Distilled water	Al₂O₃	20	1	NA	5-50	10%	SHW method	1
8	Distilled water	Al₂O₃	45	1	15	NA	4.4%	3ω method	NA

Comparison of thermal conductivity values obtained using transient and steady-state measurement techniques.