Table 2 Viscosity values
From: A review of experimental investigations on thermal phenomena in nanofluids
Sl.no. | Reference | Nanoparticle used | Basefluid | Concentration | Temp range | Percentage enhancement in viscosity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Praveen et al. [15] | CuO (29 nm) | 60:40 (in weight) ethylene glycol and water mixture | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.12% | -35 to 50°C | For 6.12% conc: 4.5 times @ 35°C and 3 times @ 50°C |
2 | CuO (29 nm) Al2O3(36 and 47 nm) | Water | 1-12% | 22 to 75°C | CuO @ 9%: 7-10 times Al2O3(36 nm) @ 9%: 4.5-3.5 times Al2O3(47 nm) @ 9%: 5.4-4.4 times | |
3 | Chen et al. [17] | Titanate nanotubes (diameter approx. 10 nm, length approx. 100 nm, aspect ratio approx. 10) | Ethylene glycol | 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0% by weight | 20-60°C | @ 8%: High shear viscosity is in the range of 10-35 m Pa s |
4 | Phuoc et al. [18] | Fe2O3 (20-40 nm) | Deionized water containing 0.2% polymer by weight as a dispersant. | 1, 2, 3, 4% | 25°C | @ 2%: Infinite viscosity is 12.25 cP for 0.2% PEO (Polyethylene oxide) surfactant, and 2.58 cP for 0.2% PVP (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) surfactant |
5 | Garg et al. [19] | MWCNT (multi-walled carbon nanotube) (diameter of 10-20 nm, length of 0.5-40 μm) | Deionized water with 0.25% by mass of gum Arabic | 1% by mass | 15 and 30°C | Viscosity of nanofluids increases with sonication time. Beyond a critical sonication time it decreases due to increased breakage of CNTs |
6 | Murshed et al. [20] | TiO2 (15 nm)/Al2O3 (80 nm) | Deionized water with Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) surfactant (0.1 mM) | 1-5% by volume | - | @ 5% of Al2O3 viscosity increases by 82% @ 4% of TiO2 viscosity increases by 82% |
7 | Chena et al. [21] | TiO2 (25 nm) and TNT (Titanate nanotubes) (diameter approx. 10 nm, length approx. 100 nm, aspect ratio approx. 10) | Water, ethylene glycol | 0.1-1.8% by volume | - | @ 0.6% of water-TNT 80% increase in viscosity @ 1.8% EG-TNT 70% increase in viscosity @1.8% EG-TiO2 20% increase in viscosity |
8 | Duangthongsuk et al. [4] | TiO2 (21 nm) | Water | 0.2, 0.6, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% with pH values of 7.5, 7.1, 7.0, 6.8, and 6.5, | 15, 25 and 30°C | @ 15°C for the conc. range of 0.2-2% viscosity increases by 4-15%. |
9 | Lee et al. [22] | Al2O3 (30 ± 5 nm) | Deionized water (DI) | 0.01-0.3 vol.% | 21-39°C | @ 21°C for the conc. range of 0.01-0.3% viscosity is enhanced by 0.08-2.9% |