Background

Graphene (G) has attracted significant attention because of its special and unique physical properties which make it a promising future material for nanoelectronics [1]. In nanosize G structures, confinement geometry and increased edge-to-area ratio are expected to influence the electronic properties of G significantly. Previous studies showed how confinement of carriers in a G nanostructure affects the electrical conductivity [2] and the energy gap [3]. Edge-localized electrons near the zigzag edge of a freestanding G nanoribbon were proposed by Nakada et al. [4]. Recently, C. Tao et al. [5] reported electronic edge states dependent on the edge atomic orientations in G nanoribbons.

A theoretical study [6] predicted a small binding energy of ≈ 50 meV per C atom in G/Ir(111). G π-band related features were observed in angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy studies of G/Ir(111) [7]. However, a strong edge-substrate interaction in G nanoislands on Ir(111) has been proposed [8]. This motivates a spatially resolved investigation of spectroscopic features of G/Ir(111) nanostructures to elucidate the spatial dependent electronic properties and the influence of the substrate on the electronic states near a G edge, and corresponding results are presented here.

We present scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) measurements on G nanoislands on Ir(111). The dI/dV spectra and maps show a spatial modulation, indicative of a modulated local density of states (DOS), which is ascribed to electronic quantum confinement [9]. STS near the edge of a G island on Ir(111) shows a reduction of the differential conductance dI/dV. This reflects a change of the G electronic structure, which we ascribe to the different G-Ir interaction near the edge as compared to the central region of the G island.

Methods

Monolayer G islands were grown by exposing a clean and atomically flat Ir(111) surface to C2H4 at 300 K at a pressure of 2 × 10− 9 mbar, followed by subsequent heating of the substrate to 1,320 K. STM and STS measurements were performed at 8 K [9]. Constant current (CC)-STM images showed that the island diameter ranges from 6 to 50 nm. We employed a lock-in technique with a modulation bias voltage at a frequency ν = 4 kHz and root-mean square amplitude of 20 mV to detect I(V) and dI/dV simultaneously.

Results and discussion

Figure 1a,b shows G islands grown on an Ir(111) surface and a nanoisland used for a STS measurement, respectively. The CC-STM image measured on the central part of the G island shows a clear honeycomb structure as shown in the inset of Figure 1a. The line profile of the island reveals an apparent height of approximately 0.2 nm, as shown in Figure 1c, which identifies the island as single layer G. Figure 1g shows dI/dV curves measured at different positions of the island shown in Figure 1b. The curve measured at position a (the center of the island) shows two prominent peaks at a sample bias V S  ≈ − 0.44 and − 0.85 V. However, the curve measured at position b shows a smaller dI/dV signal at those Vs values and a larger signal at an intermediate V S . These V S -dependent and spatially modulated dI/dV signals are ascribed to electron confinement, which induces a corresponding spatial modulation of local DOS [9–11]. This can qualitatively be understood by the inspection of the energy-dependent dI/dV maps.

Figure 1
figure 1

STS on a graphene nanoisland on Ir(111). (a) A 70 × 70 nm2 CC-STM image of G islands on Ir(111) (V S  = − 0.05 V, Iset = 1 nA). The inset is a CC-STM image of a zoom-in of the G lattice with an illustration of the hexagonal C ring (red circles) and lattice vectors (black arrows) (V S  = 0.05 V, Iset = 1 nA). Crystallographic directions of the Ir substrate are denoted at the bottom-left side, as deduced from atomically resolved STM images of the substrate. (b) The G island indicated by the dashed circle in (a). (c) It gives the line profile along the long axis of the island in (b). (d,e,f) The dI/dV maps of the island in (b), measured at V S denoted at the bottom-left corner of each image. (g) STS spectra measured at the positions a to c in (b).

Full size image

We measured the dI/dV maps of the G island in Figure 1b as a function of V S . Figure 1d,e,f shows the dI/dV maps at V S denoted by the gray arrows in Figure 1g. As we lower V S from zero bias, the first modulation pattern (Figure 1d) is observed at V S  ≈ − 0.44 V of peak ‘1’ of the dI/dV curve measured at position a. Here, the dI/dV signal shows a maximum at the center of the island and a monotonic decrease towards the edges. For larger negative V S , the maps at two other V S values (peaks ‘2’ and ‘3’) show different spatial distributions of the dI/dV signals as compared with that of the first one. These results can be understood as standing wave patterns which resulted from the interference of electron waves. The energy-dependent variation of the spatially modulated dI/dV signal suggests a variation of the electron wavelength as a function of electron energy in the G nanoisland. Thus, the position-dependent STS spectra and spatially modulated dI/dV signals provide a clear evidence for electron confinement in the G nanoisland. The energy eigenvalues of the confined electron states are determined by the geometry of the confinement potential (the size and shape of the island). This is also true for the graphene nanoislands [12]. We observed a different onset energy of the lowest quantum-confined state (the first peak) in other graphene islands with different shape and size. We performed an extensive quantitative analysis of modulation patterns on G islands and extracted the electron dispersion relation [9].

We also performed spatially resolved STS measurements near G edges. Figure 2a is an atomically resolved CC-STM image of the top-left region of the island of Figure 1b. Figure 2b shows the dI/dV spectra measured along different positions from G towards Ir. For negative V S , the dI/dV signal of G is larger than that of Ir(111) by a factor of 2. However, the overall similarity of the dI/dV signals of Ir and G/Ir is striking. We may ascribe this to the electronic hybridization between G and Ir [6]. The inset of Figure 2b shows the dI/dV signals at V S  = −1.0 V as a function of positions from A to B in Figure 2a. As the measurement positions move from G to Ir, we find a monotonic decrease of the dI/ dV signal without the appearance of additional features within the distance of approximately 1 nm from the edge. We do not observe peculiar edge-related states, which were discussed for other systems [5] or have been described in theory [4].

Figure 2
figure 2

STS near an edge of graphene nanoisland. (a) Atomic resolution CC-STM image of top-left side of the island in Figure 1b (V S  = − 0.05 V, Iset = 1 nA). The hexagons denote the honeycomb lattice structure of G. (b) STS spectra measured at nine positions along the line AB across the G edge towards the Ir region. The inset shows the dI/dV signal height at V S  = − 1.0 V as a function of distance from the edge. The dI/dV signal decreases from the position of approximately 1.0 nm inside the island towards the edge.

Full size image

Lacovig et al. [8] discussed, based on ab initio calculations, that the interaction between a G edge and Ir is strong enough to induce a considerable reduction (approximately 50%) of the C-substrate distance near the edges as compared with that of the central region of a G island on Ir(111). This structural relaxation should also impact the electronic DOS near an edge as compared to the central region of an island. The reduction of the dI/dV signal in Figure 2, which can be attributed to the reduction of the G DOS at the edges, possibly reflects this. We speculate that an unsaturated σ orbital at the edge tends to bond to the Ir atoms with a covalent character, which would reduce the edge energy and deplete the DOS near E F . This could explain the decrease of dI/dV signals in Figure 2. In addition, the electronic relaxation due to a C-Ir interaction at the edge could be the reason why our STS measurements do not show peculiar electronic states in the edge region, in contrast to the prediction of theory for the edge of freestanding G [4].

Conclusions

We investigated electronic properties of G nanoislands on Ir(111) by STM and STS. The dI/dV spectra and maps show a pronounced spatial modulation, indicative of a modulated local DOS. We ascribe this to a quantum confinement of electrons in G nanoislands. We also performed STS near the edge of a G island on Ir(111). Spatially resolved tunnel spectroscopy indicates a considerably reduced density of states. This reflects a change of the G electronic structure, which we ascribe to the different G-Ir interaction near the edge as compared to the central region of the G island.