Table 4 More details for toxicity of QDs (modified from[163])
From: Quantum dots: synthesis, bioapplications, and toxicity
QD | Model | Administration | QD concentration | Exposure duration | Toxicity | Study |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CdSe/ZnS-SSA | EL-4 cells | 1 × 106 cells/well | 0.1 to 0.4 mg/mL | 0 to 24 h | Cytotoxic: 0.1 mg/mL altered cell growth; most cells nonviable at 0.4 mg/mL | Hoshino et al. 2004a |
CdSe/ZnS-SSA | EL-4 cells | 200-μL cell suspension injected (iv) into the mice | 0.1 mg/mL QDs per 5 × 107 cells | 2 h to 7 days | No toxicity in mice in vivo | Hoshino et al. 2004a (in vivo) |
CdSe/ZnS conjugates: NH2, OH, OH/COOH, H2/OH, MUA, COOH | WTK1 cells | 5 × 104 cells/mL | 1 to 2 μM | 12 h | 2-μM QD-COOH-induced DNA damage at 2 h | Hoshino et al. 2004b |
CdSe/ZnS-MUA | Vero, HeLa, and primary human hepatocytes | 100-μL QDs/3 × 104 cells | 0 to 0.4 mg/mL | 24 h | Cytotoxic: 0.2 mg/mL, Vero; 0.1 mg/mL, HeLa; 0.1 mg/mL, hepatocytes | Shiohara et al. 2004 |
CdTe | Rat pheochromocytoma cells, murine, microglial cells | 1 × 105 cells/cm2 | 0.01 to 100 μg/mL | 2 to 24 h | 10 μg/mL cytotoxic | Lovric et al. 2005 |
CdSe-MAA, TOPO QDs | Primary rat hepatocytes | 62.5-1,000 μg/mL | 1 to 8 h | Cytotoxic: 62.5 μg/mL cytotoxic under oxidative/photolytic conditions | Derfus 2004 | |
No toxicity on addition of ZnS cap | ||||||
QD micelles: CdSe/ZnS QDs in (PEG-PE) and phosphatydilcholine | Xenopus blastomeres | 5 × 109 QDs/cell(approximately 0.23 pmol/cell) | 1.5 to 3 nL of 2.3-μM QDs injected, approximately 2.1 × 109 to 4.2 × 109 injected QDs/cell | Days | 5 × 109 QDs/cell: cell abnormalities, altered viability and motility | Dubertret et al. 2002 |
No toxicity at 2 × 109 QDs/cell | ||||||
CdSe/ZnS amp-QDs and mPEG QDs [158] | Mice | 200-μL tail vein injection | Injections, approximately 180-nM QD, approximately20-pmol QD/g animal weight | 15-min cell incubations, 1 to 133 days in vivo | No signs of localized necrosis at the sites of deposition | Ballou et al. 2004 |
CdSe/ZnS-DHLA | Dictyostelium discoideum and HeLa cells | 400 to 600 nM | 45 to 60 min | No effects on cell growth | Jaiswal et al. 2003 | |
Avidin-conjugated CdSe/ZnS QDs | HeLa cells | 0.5 to 1.0 μM | 15 min | No effect on cell growth and development | Jaiswal et al. 2003 | |
CdSe/ZnS-amphiphilic micelle | Mice | Tail vein injection | 60-μM QD/g animal weight, 1-μM and 20-nM final QD concentration | Not given | Mice showed no noticeable ill effects after imaging | Larson et al. 2003 |
CdSe/ZnS-DHLA QDs | Mice, B16F10 cells | 5 × 104 B16F10 cells with 10-μL QDs (approximately 10 pmol), tail vein (iv) injection | 100 μL of B16F10 cells used for tail vein injection, approximately 2 × 105 to 4 × 105 cells injected | 4- to 6-h cell incubation, mice sacrificed at 1 to 6 h | No toxicity observed in cells or mice | Voura et al. 2004 |
CdSe/ZnS-MUA QDs; QD-SSA complexes [162] | Vero cells | 0.4 mg/mL | 0.24 mg/mL | 2 h | 0.4-mg/mL MUA/SSA-QD complexes did not affect viability of Vero cells | Hanaki et al. 2003 |
CdSe/ZnS | HeLa cells | 1 × 106 cells | 10-pmol QDs/1 × 105 cells (approximately 10 nM) | 10 days (cell culture) | 10-nM QD had minimal impact on cell survival | Chen and Gerion 2004 |
CdTe aqQDs | HEK293 cells | 1 × 105 cells | 300 or 600 nM | 3 days | Nearly completely inhibited cell growth even from the very beginning | Nan Chen et al. 2012 |
CdTe-gelatinized/nongelatinized | PC12 cells | 1 × 105 cells/cm2 | 1 to 100 nM | 72 h | At 1 nM,did not initiate any detrimental effects; at 100 nM, resulted in the death of all cells | Babu R Prasad et al. 2010 |
CdTe, CdTe/CdS, CdTe/CdS/ZnS | K562 and HEK293T human cell lines | 1 × 105 cells | 0.2 to 3.0 μM | 0 to 48 h | Cells treated with CdTe and CdTe/CdS QDs were mostly nonviable by 48 h (for all concentrations tested). | Su et al. 2009 |
CdSe/ZnS-PEG (EviTag T1 490 QD) | Caco-2 (human colon carcinoma) cell line | 106 cells/ml, 0.2 ml/well | 0.84 to 105 μM | 0 to 24 h | Commercially available QD demonstrated low cytotoxicity but induced cell detachment. | Wang et al. 2008 |
CdSe | Primary rat hippocampal neuron cells in culture | 104to 105 cells/ml | 1, 10, and 20nM | 24 h | 1-nM QD for 24 h showed no decrease in cell viability; in contrast, cells treated with 10- and 20-nM QD for 24 h showed decreases in cell viability on the order of 20 and 30%. | Tang et al., 2008 |