Optimization of dye adsorption time and film thickness for efficient ZnO dye-sensitized solar cells with high at-rest stability

Table 1 Optimal dye adsorption times and photovoltaic characteristics of best-performing cell at each film thickness

Film thickness (μm)	Optimal dye adsorption time (h)	Conversion efficiency (%)	Short-circuit photocurrent density (mA/cm²)	Open circuit voltage (V)	Fill factor
14	0.5	3.98	9.00	0.65	0.68
20	1	4.92	10.35	0.66	0.72
26	2	5.61	11.95	0.68	0.69
31	3	5.47	11.60	0.66	0.72