Table 2 Description of evidence for health effects of nano-TiO 2 from mice and rats models
From: Health effects of exposure to nano-TiO2: a meta-analysis of experimental studies
Reference | Exposed routes | Diameter (nm) | Dose | Time | Main results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[36] | Digestive tract | 25~155 | 5 g/kg | 2 weeks | Transported to other tissues and organs |
[7] | Respiratory tract | 21 | 42 mg/m3 | 8 to 18 days | Lung inflammation and neurobehavioral toxicity |
[37] | Respiratory tract | 10/100 | 500 μg/mouse | 30 days | Pathological lesions in the brain and neurotoxicity. |
[38] | Intraperitoneal | 5 | 5~150 mg/kg | 14 days | Liver toxicity, inflammation, and apoptosis |
[39] | Respiratory tract | 25 | 1.25 mg | 7 days | Lung toxicities and presence of aggregates or agglomerates |
[40] | Skin | 4/60 | 5% TiO2 | 60 days | Retained in the stratum corneum and the basal cells |
[41] | Intraperitoneal | 5 | 5~150 mg/kg | 14 days | Liver DNA cleavage and hepatocyte apoptosis |
[42] | Intraperitoneal | 100 | 324~2592 mg/kg | 7/14 days | The toxicity of the liver, kidney, lung, and spleen |
[43] | Intraperitoneal | 5 | 5~150 mg/kg | 14 days | Caused serious damage to the liver and kidney |
[44] | Respiratory tract | <10 | 5~500 μg | 24 h | Induce lung inflammation |
[45] | Respiratory tract | 34.8 | 550 μg/m3 | 4 h | Do not induce lung inflammation |
[46] | Digestive tract | 20 to 30 | 5 g/kg | 14 days | Liver and kidney toxicity |
[47] | Intraperitoneal | 30 | 200~500 mg/kg | 17 days | Liver, kidney, and male productive toxicity |
[25] | Intraperitoneal | 21 | 300 mg/kg | 18 h | Lung and liver damage |
[48] | Intraperitoneal | 30 | 300 mg/kg | 18 h/10 days | No histopathological change in the tissue |
[49] | Intraperitoneal | 20~40 | 4.876~120.7 mg/kg | 14 days | Liver damage |
[50] | Respiratory tract | 25 | 1~10 mg/kg | 10 days | Lung damage |
[51] | Intraperitoneal | 30 | 200~500 mg/kg | 17 days | Slight damages in the liver, kidney, and heart |
[52] | Digestive tract | 20 to 30 | 5 g/kg | 14 days | Liver and kidney toxicity |
[53] | Respiratory tract | 10 | 1,500 mg/m3 | 7~28 days | Increased in pulmonary inflammation |
[54] | Caudal vein | 20 to 100 | 0.1~0.8 mg/ml | 5 days | Induce DNA damage of the liver and kidney |
[55] | Digestive tract | 4 | 5 g/kg | 14 days | No change in coefficients of the organs |
[56] | Intraperitoneal | 6.9 | 5~150 mg/kg | 14 days | Induced kidney toxicity |
[57] | Respiratory tract | 15 | 1~10 mg/kg | 7~days | Lung injury, changed the enzyme activities |
[58] | Caudal vein | 5 | 0.24 μg/mouse | 1~48 h | Increase content of Ti in the liver, lung, and spleen |
[59] | Respiratory tract | 80 | - | 1 month | Distribution of Ti in the neural system |
[60] | Respiratory tract | 50 | 0.5~50 mg/kg | 7 days | Induced oxidative stress in the liver and kidney |
[61] | Respiratory tract | 20~30 | 3.5~17.5 mg/kg | 5 weeks | Lung damage, oxidative effects, inflammation |
[62] | Intraperitoneal | 62 | 1~15 mg/kg | 21 days | Nephrotoxicity and tubular damages |
[63] | Respiratory tract | 5 | 0.8~20 mg/kg | 7 days | Liver and lung damage |
[64] | Respiratory tract | 5~10 | 0.4~40 mg/kg | 7 days | Changed enzyme activities |
[65] | Respiratory tract | 25.1 | 2~50 mg/m3 | 5 days | Enzyme activities and induced lung toxicity |
[66] | Respiratory tract | 28.4 | 5 mg/kg | 1 weeks | Lung damage |
[67] | Respiratory tract | 5 | 0.8~20 mg/kg | 7 days | Aggregate in the lung and kidney |
[68] | Respiratory tract | 5, 21, 50 | 0.5~50 mg/kg | 7 days | Pulmonary toxicity |
[69] | Respiratory tract | 20 to 30 | 3.5~17.5 mg/kg | 5 weeks | Immune system toxicity |