Table 1 Effects of engineered metal nanoparticles on plants
From: Phytosynthesis of nanoparticles: concept, controversy and application
Nanoparticle | Size (nm) | Plant | Concentration | Effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aluminium | Corn, cucumber, lettuce, radish, rapeseed | 2,000 mg L-1 | No effect on germination | [44] | |
1 to 100 | Red kidney beans, ryegrass | 10, 100, 1,000 and 10,000 mg L-1 | No toxicity | [45] | |
Radish, rapeseed | 2,000 mg L-1 | Improved root growth | [44] | ||
Ryegrass | 2,000 mg L-1 | Decreased root length | [44] | ||
Ryegrass | 2,000 mg L-1 | Reduced germination | [44] | ||
Corn, lettuce | 2,000 mg L-1 | Reduced root length | [44] | ||
Copper | Lettuce | 0.013% (w/w) | No effect on germination, improved shoot/root ratio | [13] | |
Mung bean | <200 mg L-1 | Reduced seedling growth | [30] | ||
Mung bean | 800 mg L-1 | Reduced shoot growth | [30] | ||
Wheat | <200 mg L-1 | Reduced root and seedling growth | [30] | ||
50 | Zucchini | 1,000 mg L-1 | Reduced biomass | [46] | |
50 | Zucchini | 1,000 mg L-1 | Reduced root growth | [46] | |
Dodecanethiol-functionalized gold | Lettuce | 0.013% (w/w) | No effect on germination, improved shoot/root ratio | [13] | |
Gold | 10 | Cucumber, lettuce | 62, 100 and 116 mg L-1 | Positive effect on germination index | [47] |
Iron | Flax, meadow fescue, red clover, white clover | 100, 250 and 500 mg L-1 | No effect on germination | [48] | |
Barley, ryegrass | 100 and 250 mg L-1 | No effect on germination | [48] | ||
Barley, flax, ryegrass | 2,000 and 5,000 mg L-1 | Completely inhibited germination | [48] | ||
Barley | 300 mg L-1 | Reduced germination | [48] | ||
Flax, barley, ryegrass | >1,500 mg L-1 | No germination | [48] | ||
Mixture of gold/copper | Lettuce | 0.013% (w/w) | No effect on germination, improved shoot/root ratio | [13] | |
Palladium entrapped in Al(OH)2 matrix | Lettuce | 0.013% to 0.066% (w/w) | No effect on germination, improved shoot/root ratio | [13] | |
Silicon | 10 | Zucchini | 1,000 mg L-1 | Completely inhibited germination | [46] |
Silver | 20 | Flax | 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg L-1 | No effect on germination | [48] |
2 | Cucumber, lettuce | 62, 100 and 116 mg L-1 | Low to zero toxicity | [47] | |
20.6 ± 3.1 | Clover | 0.01 mg kg-1 | Reduced aboveground biomass | [49] | |
0.1 mg kg-1 | No effect on biomass | [49] | |||
1 mg kg-1 | No effect on biomass | [49] | |||
10 | Wheat | 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 5.0 mg kg-1 | Reduced shoot and root length | [50] | |
5 | Barley | 10 mg L-1 | Reduced germination | [48] | |
Flax, barley | 10 mg L-1 | Reduced shoot length | [48] | ||
20 | Barley | 10 mg L-1 | Reduced germination | [48] | |
Barley | 10 mg L-1 | Reduced shoot length | [48] | ||
Barley, ryegrass | 20 mg L-1 | Reduced shoot length | [48] | ||
100 | Zucchini | 100, 500 and 1,000 mg L-1 | Reduced transpiration | [46] | |
100 | Zucchini | 500 and 1,000 mg L-1 | Reduced biomass | [46] | |
<100 | Onion | 100 mg L-1 | Decreased mitosis, disturbed metaphase, sticky chromosome, cell wall disintegration and breaks | [51] | |
Silver colloidal form | 0.6 to 2 | Ryegrass | 10 mg L-1 | Reduced germination | [48] |
Ryegrass | 20 mg L-1 | Reduced germination | [48] | ||
Flax, ryegrass | 10 mg L-1 | Reduced shoot length | [48] | ||
Barley, flax, ryegrass | 20 mg L-1 | Reduced shoot length | [48] | ||
Zinc | Corn, cucumber, lettuce, radish, rapeseed, ryegrass | 2,000 mg L-1 | Reduced root growth and elongation | [44] |