Table 2 Effects of engineered metal oxide nanoparticles on plants
From: Phytosynthesis of nanoparticles: concept, controversy and application
Nanoparticle | Size (nm) | Plant | Concentration | Effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al2O3 | Corn, cucumber, lettuce, radish, rapeseed, ryegrass | 2,000 mg L-1 | No effect on germination | [44] | |
13 | Carrots, cabbage, cucumber, maize | 2,000 mg L-1 | Reduced root growth | [146] | |
Corn | 2,000 mg L-1 | Reduced root length | [44] | ||
CeO2 | 7 | Alfalfa | 1,000 and 2,000 mg L-1 | Slightly reduced shoot growth | [147] |
Tomato | 2,000 mg L-1 | Reduced shoot growth | [147] | ||
Cucumber | 2,000 mg L-1 | Reduced shoot growth | [147] | ||
Maize | 500, 1,000 and 2,000 mg L-1 | Reduced shoot growth | [147] | ||
Alfalfa | 500 mg L-1 | Reduced biomass | [147] | ||
Maize | 500 to 2,000 mg L-1 | Reduced germination | [147] | ||
Maize | 4,000 mg L-1 | Reduced root growth | [147] | ||
Tomato, cucumber | 2,000 mg L-1 | Reduced germination | [147] | ||
Tomato | 1,000 to 2,000 mg L-1 | Reduced root growth | [147] | ||
Alfalfa | 2,000 to 4,000 mg L-1 | Reduced root growth | [147] | ||
Soybean | 2,000 mg L-1 | Reduced germination | [147] | ||
7 | Alfalfa, corn, soybean | 500, 1,000, 2,000 and 4,000 mg L-1 | Increased root and stem growth | [147] | |
<25 | Wheat | 100 mg L-1 | [148] | ||
8.0 ± 1.0 | Coriander | 125 mg kg-1 | Increased shoot and root length, increased biomass, increased catalase activity in shoots and increased ascorbate peroxidise activity in roots | [149] | |
231 ± 16 | Rice | 62.50 and 125 mg L-1 | Reduced H2O2 generation in shoots and roots | [150] | |
500 mg L-1 | Increased electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation in shoots | [150] | |||
FeO | 10.2 ± 2.6 | Clover | 3.2 mg kg-1 | Reduced aboveground and belowground biomass | [49] |
Fe3O4 | 20 | Pumpkin | 500 mg L-1 | No toxic effect | [29] |
7 | Cucumber, lettuce | 62, 100 and 116 mg L-1 | Low to zero toxicity | [47] | |
Magnetite (iron oxide) | Soybean | 0.2, 0.4, 1.0 and 2.0 mg L-1 | Increased chlorophyll levels | [151] | |
Mixture of SiO2/TiO2 | Soybean | Increased germination and shoot growth, increased nitrate reductase activity, increased absorption and utilization of water/fertilizer and enhanced antioxidant system | [129] | ||
Ni(OH)2 | 8.7 | Mesquite | 2 mg L-1 | No effect | [152] |
Nanosized TiO2 | 21 | Wheat | 10 ppm | Reduced germination | [153] |
2 and 10 ppm | Increased shoot and seedling lengths | ||||
100 and 500 ppm | Reduced shoot and seedling lengths | ||||
100 ppm | Increased root dry matter production | ||||
Nanoanatase (TiO2) | 4 to 6 | Spinach | 0.25% | Enhanced rca mRNA expressions, protein levels, activity of Rubisco activase, Rubisco carboxylation, the rate of photosynthetic carbon reaction, single plant dry weight and chlorophyll content | [154] |
5 | Spinach | 0.25% | Improved spinach growth related to N2 fixation by TiO2 | [155] | |
5 | Spinach | 0.25% | Improved light absorbance, transformation from light energy to electron energy, and active chemical energy and promoted carbon dioxide assimilation | [156] | |
Rutile (TiO2) | Spinach (naturally aged) | 0.25% to 4% | Increased germination and germination and vigour indices, plant dry weight, chlorophyll formation, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity and photosynthetic rate | [10] | |
Spinach | 0.25% to 4% | Promoted photosynthesis, the rate of evolution of oxygen in the chloroplasts was accelerated | [130] | ||
TiO2/inorganic bentonite clay | 30/1 to 60 | Maize | 300 and 1,000 mg L-1 | Inhibited hydraulic conductivity, leaf growth and transpiration | [157] |
ZnO | 8 | Soybean | 500 mg L-1 | Increased root growth | [147] |
9 to 37 (mean 19 ± 7) | Ryegrass | 1,000 mg L-1 | Reduced biomass, shrank root tips, epidermis and root cap were broken, highly vacuolated and collapsed cortical cells | [44] | |
Corn | 2,000 mg L-1 | Reduced germination | [44] | ||
Corn, cucumber, lettuce, radish, rapeseed, ryegrass | 2,000 mg L-1 | Reduced root growth and elongation | [44] | ||
5 | Zucchini | 1,000 mg L-1 | Reduced biomass | [46] | |
8 | Soybean | 2,000 and 4,000 mg L-1 | Decreased root growth | [147] | |
3-Amino-functionalized SiO2 | Lettuce | 0.013% to 0.066% (w/w) | No effect on germination, improved shoot/root ratio | [13] |