Seed/catalyst-free vertical growth of high-density electrodeposited zinc oxide nanostructures on a single-layer graphene

Table 1 Density, diameter, length, and average aspect ratio of the grown ZnO nanorods

	Current density (mA/cm²)	Density (cm²)	Diameter of nanorods (nm)	Length of nanorods (nm)	Average aspect ratio
This work	-0.1	1.84 × 10⁷	190 to 450	450 to 1,160	2.32
	-0.5	1.37 × 10⁹	260 to 480	840 to 1,160	2.70
	-1.0	1.24 × 10⁸	660 to 1,000	150 to 340	0.28
	-1.5	3.42 × 10⁷	950 to 1,330	200 to 560	0.34
	-2.0	2.32 × 10⁷	570 to 2,030	1,160 to 2,220	1.14
[23]	-	3.00× 10⁷	680	1,400	2.10
[25]	-0.15	5.83× 10⁸	370 to 780	-	-