Figure 5

Graphene-enhanced optical modulator. (a) Mach-Zehnder modulator with eight-layer graphene integrated in the arms. Reproduced from ref. [36]. (b) Ring modulator with graphene embedded in the ring resonator. Reproduced from ref. [41]. (c) Metamaterial channel with multi-layer graphene embedded in the resonator. Reproduced from ref. [42].