Fig. 1

Reconstruction procedures for the δ-subunit-free F₀F₁-ATPase molecular motor. a The original holoenzyme ATPase molecular motor. b Subunit-free chromatophore. c The δ-free F₀F₁-ATPase molecular motor. The δ-subunit and most of the other subunits were removed from the original holoenzyme ATPase molecular motor (chromatophore) in LiCl solution and B was attained. The alternative PS3 F₁ (α₃β₃γ) was added into the reconstruction system and ε-subunit was complemented at the same time, thus generating the δ-free F₀F₁-ATPase molecular motor