Fig. 8

The experimental and simulated optical activity of LHCPO with wavelength of 632.8 nm. a Schematic illustration of the optical path used in the experiment. The angles φ and Δ refer to the incident polarization azimuthal angles of samples and polarization rotation angles, respectively. A He:Ne laser at 632.8 nm is used as a light source in the experiment, and the laser is replaced by a plane wave at 632.8 nm in simulations. b The measured polarization rotation angle Δ as a function of φ from LHCPO. c, d The simulated polarization rotation angle Δ as a function of φ from LHCPO with (c) and without substrate (d). The blue and red colors in b, c, and d refer to the light incidence from the backward and forward sides, while the dashed lines denote the averaged polarization rotation angles