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Table 5 Summary of carbon nanoparticles in vivo accumulation with emphasis on exposure routes

From: Biodistribution of a High Dose of Diamond, Graphite, and Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles After Multiple Intraperitoneal Injections in Rats

Nanoparticles

Original nanoparticle name

Exposure route

Investigated animal

Nanoparticles present in organs

Reference

Graphene

PEGylated nanographene sheets wih Cy7

Intravenous

BALB/c mice

Kidney and excreted in urine

[16]

Graphene oxide

125I-nGO-PEG

Intraperitoneal

BALB/c mice

Liver, spleen

[17]

125I-RGO-PEG

125I-nRGO-PEG

Graphene oxide

125I-nGO-PEG

Intragastrically

BALB/c mice

Stomach, intestine

[17]

125I-RGO-PEG

125I-nRGO-PEG

Graphene oxide

125I-nGO-PEG

Intravenous

BALB/c mice

Liver, spleen

[18]

125I-RGO-PEG

125I-nRGO-PEG

Graphene oxide

Graphene oxide

Intravenous

BALB/c mice

Lungs, liver

[33]

Graphene oxide

Graphene oxide + Tween 80

Intravenous

BALB/c mice

Liver

[33]

Graphene oxide

GO

Intravitreal

Japanese white rabbit

Eyeball

[19]

Graphene oxide

125I-NGS-PEG

Intravenous

BALB/c mice

Liver, spleen, and excreted in urine

[39]

Graphite nanoparticles

60Co-Co/graphitic-shell nanocrystals

Intravenous

Kongming white mice

Liver, lungs, spleen

[25]

Graphite nanoparticles

Graphite nanoparticles

Intragastrically

Caenorhabditis elegans

Along the nematode body

[15]

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes

MWCNT

Intraperitoneal

Swiss-Webster mice

Liver

[35]

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes

125I-tau-MWNTs

Intravenous

Kunming mice

Liver, lungs, spleen

[27]

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes

125I-Tween-MWNTs

Intravenous

Kunming mice

Liver, lungs, spleen, stomach, kidney, large and small intestine

[27]

Nanodiamond

188Re-NDs

Intratracheal

Kun Ming mice

Bones, heart, liver, lungs, spleen

[23]

Nanodiamond

NDs-4

Intratracheal

ICR mice

Lungs

[12]

NDs-50

Nanodiamond

125I-NDs

Intravenous

ICR mice

Liver, lungs, spleen

[24]

Nanodiamond

18F-DNPs

Intravenous

Sprague-Dawley rats

Liver, lungs, spleen and excreted in urine

[13]

Nanodiamond

18F-DNPs

Intravenous

Swiss CD1 mice

Liver, lungs, spleen and excreted in urine

[13]

Nanodiamond

NDX (nanodiamond + DOX)

Intravenous

Sprague-Dawley rats BALB/c mice

Liver

[4]

Nanodiamond

DNX (nanodiamond + DOX)

Intravenous

Sprague-Dawley rats BALB/c mice

Lungs

[4]

Nanodiamond

RUDDM (Real-Dzerzhinsk ultra-disperse diamond modified)

Intravenous

Chinchilla rabbits

No aggregates but effects on biochemical blood parameters

[34]

Nanodiamond

RUDDM (Real-Dzerzhinsk ultra-disperse diamond modified)

Subcutaneous

ICR mice

Subcutaneous injection region, skin

[34]

Nanodiamond

Fluorescent nanodiamond

Gonad arms

Caenorhabditis elegans

Gonad, oocytes, early embryos

[26]

Nanodiamond

Fluorescent nanodiamond

Intragastrically

Caenorhabditis elegans

Gut (digestive track, after 20 min FND were excreted)—aggregates

[26]

Nanodiamond

Dextran-coated Fluorescent nanodiamond BSA-coated FND

Intragastrically

Caenorhabditis elegans

Intestinal cells

[26]

Single-walled carbon nanotubes

SWCNTs

Intravenous

CD-ICR mouse

Liver, lung, spleen

[28]

Single-walled carbon nanotubes

64Cu-labeled SWNT–PEG2000

Intravenous

Nude mice

Liver, kidney, spleen, intestine, lung

[36]

SWNT–PEG5400

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