Fig. 5
Rheological properties of GO dispersions. a Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of GO dispersion under flow. A is the prepared GO dispersion with concentration of 5 mg/ml. B is the well-aligned structure under flow of the same GO dispersion. C is the flow-induced alignment of low concentration (1 mg/ml) of GO dispersion. Bottom: the corresponding flow-induced alignment schematics of GO dispersion [57]. b Relations between shear viscosity (η) and shear rate \( \left(\dot{\upgamma}\right) \) with various volume fraction of GO dispersions. c The no-monotonic increasing of viscosity (η) with volume fraction (ɸ) [58]. d Zero shear viscosity (η 0) of GO dispersions as a function of volume fraction (ɸ v ) and salt concentration (M) [50]