Preparation and Application of Electrodes in Capacitive Deionization (CDI): a State-of-Art Review

Jia, Baoping; Zhang, Wei

doi:10.1186/s11671-016-1284-1

Table 2 Capacitance performances of PANI and PANI composites

From: Preparation and Application of Electrodes in Capacitive Deionization (CDI): a State-of-Art Review

Electrode materials	Synthetic methods	Specific capacitance (F/g)	Capacitance retention	Test electrolyte	Published year	Ref
PANI powder	Chemical polymerization	107	79 % after 9000 cycles	1 M EtNBF₄	2002	[177]
PANI nanowires	Electropolymerization	775	91 % after 1000 cycles	1 M H₂SO₄	2006	[246]
PANI nanofibers	Chemical polymerization	428	–	1 M H₂SO₄	2008	[179]
PANI nanowires	Electropolymerization	700 at 5 A/g	–	1 M H₂SO₄	2008	[180]
PANI nanowires	Electropolymerization	1142 at 5 A/g	95 % after 500 cycles	2 M H₂SO₄	2008	[170]
PANI nanofibers	Electropolymerization	480 at 5 mV/cm²	–	1 M KCl and 10^-3 M HCl	2009	[247]
PANI nanobelts	Electropolymerization	873	96 % after 500 cycles	1 M H₂SO₄	2010	[248]
PANI nanofibers	Electropolymerization	839	95 % after 500 cycles	1 M H₂SO₄	2010	[249]
PANI nanowires	Electropolymerization	950 at 1 A/g	80 % after 500 cycles	1 M HClO₄, 1 M LiTFSI	2010	[181]
Nanostructured PANI	Chemical bath deposition	503	–	1 M H₂SO₄	2011	[250]
PANI nanowires	Electropolymerization	882	95 % after 500 cycles	0.5 M H₂SO₄	2013	[183]
Polypyrrole/PANI	In situ polymerization	416	–	1 M H₂SO₄	2008	[186]
Nafion/PANI	Solution cast	235	84 % after 10000 cycles	1 M H₂SO₄	2010	[187]
MnO₂/PANI	Static adsorption	330 at 1 A/g	94 % after 1000 cycles	0.1 M Na₂SO₄	2007	[188]
MnO₂/PANI	In situ polymerization	510 at 1 A/g	–	0.5 M Na₂SO₄	2010	[189]
TiO₂/PANI	In situ polymerization	330 at 1.5 A/g	122 % after 3000 cycles and 92 % after 10000 cycles	1 M H₂SO₄	2009	[190]
TiO₂/PANI	In situ polymerization	784	–	0.5 M H₂SO₄	2012	[191]
SnO₂/PANI	In situ polymerization	325 at 30 A/g	–	1 M H₂SO₄	2012	[192]
MnWO₄/PANI	In situ polymerization	481 at 18 A/g	–	1 M H₂SO₄	2012	[193]
Silicon/PANI	Electropolymerization	470 at 5 mV/cm²	78 % after 700 cycles	0.5 M H₂SO₄	2010	[194]
Sodium alginate	In situ polymerization	2093	74 % after 1000 cycles	1 M H₂SO₄	2011	[195]
Porous carbon/PANI	Electropolymerization	180	90 % after 1000 cycles	1 M H₂SO₄	2003	[196]
Activated carbon/PANI	Electropolymerization	270	–	1 M H₂SO₄	2004	[198]
Activated carbon/PANI	Electropolymerization	587	–	0.5 M H₂SO₄	2008	[199]
Activated carbon/PANI	In situ polymerization	956	–	6 M KOH	2011	[200]
Hollow carbon sphere	In situ polymerization	525 at 0.1 A/g	73 % after 1000 cycles	2 M H₂SO₄	2010	[201]
Carbon nanofiber/PANI	Vapour deposition polymerization	264	–	1 M H₂SO₄	2005	[119]
Carbon nanofiber/PANI	In situ polymerization	638 at 2 A/g	91 % after 1000 cycles	1 M H₂SO₄	2011	[202]
Calcium carbide-derived carbon/PANI	In situ polymerization	713	80 % after 1000 cycles	1 M H₂SO₄	2010	[204]
Mesoporous carbon/PANI	In situ polymerization	87.4 at 5 mA/cm²	90 % after 1000 cycles	1 M H₂SO₄	2010	[206]
OMC/PANI	In situ polymerization	409 at 0.1 A/g	–	30 wt.% KOH	2011	[207]
OMC/PANI	In situ polymerization	400 at 1 A/g	80 % after 1000 cycles	6 M KOH	2011	[208]
Carboncloth/PANI	Electropolymerization	673	–	1 M H₂SO₄	2011	[210]
Carboncloth/PANI	Electropolymerization	408 at 1 A/g	30 % after 1000 cycles	0.5 M Na₂SO₄	2012	[209]
Carbon black/PANI	layer-by-layer assembly	532 at 10 mA/cm²	–	1 M H₂SO₄	2013	[211]
PANI/mesoporous carbon/MnO₂	In situ polymerization	695 1 A/g	88 % after 1000 cycles	1 M H₂SO₄	2012	[251]
Carbonized PANI nanotubes	Chemical polymerization and carbonization	165 at 0.1 A/g	–	30 wt.% KOH	2010	[252]
SWCNT/PANI	In situ polymerization	191 at 0.25 A/g	–	1 M NaNO₃	2004	[219]
SWCNT/PANI	Electropolymerization	463 at 10 mA/cm²	95 % after 500 cycles	1 M H₂SO₄	2006	[215]
CNT/PANI	In situ polymerization	350 at 1 A/g	92 % after 1000 cycles	0.5 M H₂SO₄	2010	[253, 254]
SWCNT/PANI	Electropolymerization	1000	–	0.5 M H₂SO₄	2011	[255]
MWCNT/PANI	Chemical vapour deposition	328 at 5 mA/cm²	94 % after 1000 cycles	1 M NaNO₃	2007	[228]
MWCNT/PANI	In situ polymerization	322 at 1 mA/cm²	–	1 M H₂SO₄	2007	[223]
MWCNT/PANI	In situ polymerization	606 at 1 A/g	64 % after 1000 cycles	1 M H₂SO₄	2007	[256]
CNT array/PANI	Electropolymerization	1030 at 5.9 A/g	>94 % after 5000 cycles	1 M H₂SO₄	2008	[202]
MWCNT/PANI	Electropolymerization	500 at 5 mA/cm²	68 % after 1000 cycles	0.5 M H₂SO₄	2009	[257]
MWCNT/PANI	In situ polymerization	238 at 0.25 A/g	–	1 M H₂SO₄	2010	[258]
MWCNT/PANI	In situ polymerization	560	71 % after 1000 cycles	0.1 M H₂SO₄	2010	[213]
MWCNT/PANI	Solid-state polymerization	522 at 3 mA/cm²	–	1 M H₂SO₄	2011	[225]
MWCNT/PANI	In situ polymerization	250	83 % after 100 cycles	0.1 M H₂SO₄	2011	[220]
CNT/PANI	In situ polymerization	440 at 1 A/g	96 % after 1000 cycles	1 M H₂SO₄	2012	[259]
MWCNT/Sulphur/PANI	In situ polymerization	1334 mAh/g	70 % after 80 cycles	1 M LiTFSI in DOL:DME (1:1, v/v)	2011	[218]
MWCNT/PANI/MnO₂	In situ polymerization	330	77 % after 1000 cycles	0.5 M Na₂NO₃	2011	[227]
GO/PANI	In situ polymerization	746 at 0.2 A/g	73 % after 500 cycles	1 M H₂SO₄	2010	[260]
GO/PANI nanoarrays	In situ polymerization	555 at 0.2 A/g	92 % after 1000 cycles	1 M H₂SO₄	2010	[182]
Partially reduced GO/PANI	In situ polymerization	330 at 5 mA/cm²	~87 % after 1000 cycles	1 M H₂SO₄	2013	[238]
Graphene/PANI	In situ polymerization	408	84 % after 40 cycles	1 M H₂SO₄	2009	[232]
Graphene/PANI	Electropolymerization	233	Slightly increase with longer cycles	1 M H₂SO₄	2009	[261]
Graphene/PANI nanofiber	In situ polymerization	480 at 0.1 A/g	–	2 M H₂SO₄	2010	[262]
GO/PANI	In situ polymerization	320 at 0.1 A/g	67 % after 5 cycles
Graphene/PANI	In situ polymerization	1126	84 % after 1000 cycles	1 M H₂SO₄	2010	[263]
Graphene/PANI	In situ polymerization	1046 at 1 mV/s	67 % after 1000 cycles	6 M KOH	2010	[245]
Graphene/PANI	In situ polymerization	489 at 0.4 A/g	>96 % after 500 cycles	1 M H₂SO₄	2010	[233]
GO/PANI		366 at 0.4 A/g	–
Graphene/PANI	In situ polymerization	450	~90 % after 1000 cycles	1 M H₂SO₄	2011	[264]
Graphene/PANI	Adsorption	301 0.5 A/g	67 % after 1000 cycles	1 M H₂SO₄	2011	[265]
Graphene/PANI	In situ polymerization	699	92.8 % after 1000 cycles	1 M H₂SO₄	2012	[229]
Graphene/PANI	In situ polymerization	846	79.4 % after 1000 cycles
Graphene /PANI nanofiber	In situ polymerization	526 at 0.2 A/g	–	2 M H₂SO₄	2012	[266]
Functionalized graphene/PANI	In situ polymerization	355 at 10 A/g	–	1 M H₂SO₄	2011	[267]
Graphene/PANI	In situ polymerization	1130	87 % after 1000 cycles	1 M H₂SO₄	2011	[231]
NH₂-RGO/PANI	In situ polymerization	500	119 % after 680 cycles and then decrease	1 M H₂SO₄	2012	[240]
Graphene/PANI	In situ polymerization	361 at 0.3 A/g	~82 % after 1000 cycles	–	2012	[264, 268]
Graphene/PANI	In situ polymerization	250	–	1 M H₂SO₄	2012	[230]
Graphene/PANI nanofiber	Filtration	210 at 0.3 A/g	71 % after 800 cycles	1 M H₂SO₄	2010	[234]
Graphene/PANI nanofiber	Nanofiber grafting	623 at 0.3 A/g	82 % after uncertain cycles	2 M H₂SO₄	2012	[235]
Graphene/PANI nanofiber	Nanofiber grafting	580 at 0.3 A/g	96 % after 200 cycles	2 M H₂SO₄	2012	[236]
Graphene/PANI	Layer-by-layer assembled films	584 F/cm³ at 3 A/cm³	~56 % after 1000 cycles	1 M Na₂SO₄	2012	[237]
Graphene/PANI oriented arrays	In situ polymerization	1665 at 1 A/g	97 % after 2000 cycles	1 M H₂SO₄	2013	[243]
3D graphene/PANI	In situ polymerization	346 at 4 A/g	71 % after 120 cycles	1 M H₂SO₄	2012	[241]
Graphene/PANI/CNT	In situ polymerization	1035	94 % after 1000 cycles	6 M KOH	2010	[245]
Graphene/PANI/CNT	Vacuum filtration	569 at 0.1 A/g	96 % after 5000 cycles	1 M HCl	2011	[244]
GO/activated carbon cloth/PANI	Electropolymerization	369 at 50 mA/g	80 % after 1000 cycles	1 M H₂SO₄	2012	[269]

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