Abstract
In this letter, we propose a novel low-temperature nitridation technology on a tantalum nitride (TaN) thin film resistor (TFR) through supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) treatment for temperature sensor applications. We also found that the sensitivity of temperature of the TaN TFR was improved about 10.2 %, which can be demonstrated from measurement of temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR). In order to understand the mechanism of SCCO2 nitridation on the TaN TFR, the carrier conduction mechanism of the device was analyzed through current fitting. The current conduction mechanism of the TaN TFR changes from hopping to a Schottky emission after the low-temperature SCCO2 nitridation treatment. A model of vacancy passivation in TaN grains with nitrogen and by SCCO2 nitridation treatment is eventually proposed to increase the isolation ability in TaN TFR, which causes the transfer of current conduction mechanisms.
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Background
With the rapid development of Internet of Things (IOT) technology, the improvement of sensor technologies, such as temperature sensors, gas sensors, and optical sensors, is required to integrate with memory devices [1–23], logic devices, and passive devices [24–28] in one chip in the future. In addition to the volume of traditional sensor devices being large, the materials used in the manufacture need to be processed at a high temperature, which cannot be compatible with the back end of the line process of integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing technology. Therefore, low-temperature and IC technology-compatible materials should be developed for sensor devices and IOT technology. Tantalum nitride is a mechanically hard, chemically inner, and corrosion-resistant material and has good shock/heat-resistant properties. These properties make the material attractive for many industrial applications.
A supercritical phase is peculiar with its characteristics of high penetration of gas and solubility of liquid [29–39]. The supercritical ammonia fluid has nitridation ability for materials. In order to achieve supercritical ammonia at lower temperature, little ammonia was added into supercritical CO2 fluids, from which the liquid ammonia can attain to the supercritical fluid phase due to the phase close to an ideal solution.
In this study, a tantalum nitride (TaN) thin film resistor was fabricated to investigate improvement of temperature sensitivity with supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) nitridation technology through current-voltage measurement and analysis. The current fitting methods were applied so as to analyze the physical mechanisms of carrier conduction in TaN films with SCCO2 nitridation treatment. Conduction current fitting together with vary-temperature current-voltage measurement data were thoroughly investigated, from which current conduction mechanisms were determined. Finally, a molecular reaction model was proposed to explain the influence of the SCCO2 nitridation process on the current conduction mechanisms in the TaN thin film resistor. We believe that the temperature sensitivity of the TaN thin film can be improved by SCCO2 nitridation technology at lower temperature.
Methods
The experimental thin film temperature sensing resistor devices (the bottom scheme of Fig. 1) were prepared as follows: Firstly, the conductor silver material was printed on an alumina substrate. Then 150-nm TaN films were deposited on the silver-printed substrate by DC sputtering with a Ta target in the Ar/N2 mixed gas ambient. After that, the TaN films were put into a reactive chamber of supercritical fluid system with a 165-ml chamber size (Ying-Kwan Bio Tech Co., Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan). Then the SCCO2 fluid mixed with 5 ml ammonia solution which is adsorbed on zeolite was syringed into the reactive chamber to treat the samples as shown in the top scheme of Fig. 1. Therefore, the ammonia will be solved into SCCO2 fluids with a mole concentration of 1.7 M in the reactive chamber. During the treatment, the ammonia-mixed supercritical CO2 fluids were heated and pressured to 120 °C and 3000 psi, respectively, in the stainless steel chamber of supercritical fluid system for 1 h. In order to conduct the electrical measurement and analysis of the TaN thin film resistor for temperature sensor application, a snake-type pattern was realized by the laser-trimming process using green laser to control resistance value. The entire electrical measurements of devices were performed using the Agilent B1500 semiconductor parameter analyzer.
The schematic diagram of supercritical CO2 fluid systems and the TaN thin film resistor chip schematic structure
Results and Discussion
The DC current-voltage (I-V) sweeping was applied to investigate the electrical characteristics of the TaN thin film resistor before and after SCCO2 nitridation treatment. To testify the temperature sensitivity of the TaN thin film resistor, vary-temperature I-V measurement was conducted at variable temperature from 30 to 80 °C. The temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) value is defined as the ratio of resistance change between different temperatures, TCR = (R 1 − R 0)/R 0*(1/T 1 − T 0) × 106 (ppm/°C), where T 0 is 30 °C, T 1 is 80 °C, R 0 is the resistance value at 30 °C, and R 1 is the resistance value at 80 °C. After converting the I-V curve to TCR values, we found that the temperature sensitivity of the TaN thin film was enhanced about 10.2 % through SCCO2 nitridation technology, as shown in Fig. 2. If the TCR value is negative, the resistance value of the TaN thin film has negative correlation with temperature. The higher absolute value of TCR represents greater change amount with temperature.
TCR value of the TaN thin film resistor. The TCR value was calculated from the relationship of resistance of the TaN thin film resistor at different temperatures (DC I-V sweeping voltage was set from 0 to −40 V). The temperature sensitivity of the TaN thin film resistor was enhanced about 10.2 % through SCCO2 nitridation technology
To investigate the influence of SCCO2 nitridation on electrical properties of the TaN thin film, we analyzed the current conduction mechanism of the TaN thin film resistor (TFR) device with and without SCCO2 nitridation treatment as shown in Fig. 3. The relationship in curve of ln(I) versus the applied voltage (V) for the treated TaN TFR device is linear. According to the equation of hopping conduction, J = qNaυ 0 e −qφT/kT e qaV/2dkT, where N, a, φ, T , υ 0, and d are density of space charge, mean of hopping distance, barrier height of hopping, intrinsic vibration frequency, and film thickness, respectively. Therefore, the current conduction mechanism of the TaN TFR without SCCO2 nitridation treatment is dominated by hopping conduction mechanism. After SCCO2 nitridation treatment on the TaN TFR device, the relationship in the curve of ln(I/T 2) versus the square root of the applied voltage (V 1/2) is linear. According to the formula of the Schottky emission, \( J={A}^{**}{T}^2 \exp \left[\frac{\hbox{-} q\left({\phi}_B\hbox{-} \sqrt{\raisebox{1ex}{$qV$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$4\pi {\varepsilon}_id$}\right.}\right)}{kT}\right] \), where A** is the Richardson constant, d is the film thickness, and (ϕB) is activation energy barrier height, the carrier conduction mechanism of the TaN TFR was transferred to a Schottky emission after SCCO2 nitridation treatment.
Current conduction mechanism fitting of TaN thin film resistors with and without SCCO2 nitridation treatment
Based on the results of electrical analyses, a carrier conduction model of the TaN TFR with SCCO2 nitridation treatment was proposed in Fig. 4. As the TaN thin film was deposited at low temperature by DC-sputtering technology, there are many vacancies existing in the TaN thin film. When the voltage is applied on the as-deposited TaN TFR, the carrier will be transported by hopping through the vacancies, resulting in the current conduction mechanism of the as-deposited TaN TFR being dominated by hopping conduction. Because the temperature sensitivity is low for hopping conduction mechanism, the absolute TCR value of the as-deposited TaN TFR is small. After the as-deposited TaN TFR was treated by SCCO2 nitridation technology, the nitrogen atoms will penetrate into the TaN thin film to passivate the vacancies in grain boundary of the TaN grains, resulting in an insulating tantalum oxynitride (TaON) layer formed between the TaN grains. The TaON layer will increase the thermal activation energy barrier height of carrier transport, leading to the current conduction mechanism of the SCCO2 nitridation-treated TaN TFR dominated by the Schottky emission. Because the Schottky conduction is due to emission of electron cross-activation energy barrier height, the current conduction of the SCCO2 nitridation-treated TaN TFR is sensitive to temperature, resulting in the improvement of temperature sensitivity of the TaN TFR.
The schematic diagram of nitrogen passivation in TaN thin film resistor with SCCO2 nitridation technology
Conclusions
In conclusion, the vacancies between the TaN grains were successfully passivated by SCCO2 nitridation technology to form an insulating TaON layer. After SCCO2 nitridation treatment, the carrier conduction mechanism of the TaN TFR transforms from hopping conduction to a Schottky emission conduction due to the formation of the TaON layer between TaN grain boundary, which causes the enhancement of temperature sensitivity of the TaN TFR. It is believed that the low-temperature SCCO2 nitridation treatment is a promising technology for high-temperature sensitivity sensor applications.
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Acknowledgements
This work was performed at the National Science Council Core Facilities Laboratory for Nano-Science and Nano-Technology in the Kaohsiung-Pingtung area and was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST), under contract nos. MOST-103-2112-M-110-011-MY3.
Authors’ contributions
HRC designed and set up the experimental procedure. YCC and TCC planned the experiments and agreed with the paper's publication. TMT revised the manuscript critically. KCC, TJC, and CCS conducted the electrical measurement of the devices. NCC fabricated the devices with the assistance of KYW. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Chen, HR., Chen, YC., Chang, TC. et al. Mechanisms of Low-Temperature Nitridation Technology on a TaN Thin Film Resistor for Temperature Sensor Applications. Nanoscale Res Lett 11, 275 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-016-1480-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-016-1480-z