Fig. 3From: Is Neurotoxicity of Metallic Nanoparticles the Cascades of Oxidative Stress?Signaling pathways activated by ROS [127]. ROS reactive oxygen species; NADPH reduced nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate; MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase; HIF-1 hypoxia-inducible factor 1; NF-kB necrosis factor kappa B; NFAT nuclear factor of activated T cells; AP-1 activator protein-1Back to article page