Fabrication and Characterization of Nanocarbon-Based Nanofluids by Using an Oxygen–Acetylene Flame Synthesis System

Table 2 Results of other fundamental characteristics for NCBNFs from various process parameter configurations

	Experimental data					R (%)
	Water	P1	P2	P3	P4	P1	P2	P3	P4
Average particle size (nm)	–	207.68	380.52	792.82	255.34	–
Zeta potential (mV)	–	−22.96	−24.18	−18.32	−26.36	–
Thermal conductivity (W/m °C)	0.602	0.606	0.622	0.624	0.631	0.68	3.34	3.71	4.85
Density (kg/m³)	997.95	998.09	998.14	998.29	998.26	0.01	0.02	0.03	0.03
pH	7.68	7.64	7.47	7.59	7.47	−0.55	−2.65	−1.11	−2.65
Electrical conductivity (μS/cm)	113.40	148.31	122.14	118.90	114.06	30.79	7.71	4.85	0.58
Specific heat (kJ/kg °C)	4.18	4.17	4.13	4.10	4.10	−0.32	−1.08	−1.91	−1.89
Viscosity (mPa s)	0.90	0.92	0.95	0.99	0.94	2.22	5.56	10.00	4.44