Fig. 1
Effect of annealing temperature: laser images of perovskite surface morphology, made using spin-dip coating at a annealing temperature of 100 °C (run 1) and b annealing temperature of 160 °C (run 2). The field of view is 65 μm × 65 μm. c The XRD patterns of perovskites annealed at 100 and 160 °C. The asterisk denotes the perovskite peaks, the number sign denotes the FTO peaks, and the plus sign denotes the PbI2 peaks. Annealing at 100 °C is preferred because of better perovskite conversion and adequate coverage