Table 1 Processes observed during heating of precursors to 1000 °C
From: Structural Features of Carbons Produced Using Glucose, Lactose, and Saccharose
Processes | Glucose | Saccharose | Lactose |
---|---|---|---|
C6H12O6·H2O | C12H22O12 | C12H22O11·H2O | |
Intact water removal | |||
Temperature (°C) | 65–145 | – | 100–175 |
Water loss (mole) | 1 | – | 1 |
Melting | |||
Temperature (°C) | 160 | 197 | 220 |
Dehydration | |||
Temperature (°C) | 200–230 | 218–260 | 220–230 |
Water loss (mole) | 1 | 5 | 3 |
Carbonization | |||
Temperature (°C) | 230–332 | 260–355 | 230–343 |
Water loss (mole) | 5 | 6 | 8 |
Residual mass (%) | 40 | 42 | 40 |
Char structure changes | |||
Temperature (°C) | 332–1000 | 355–1000 | 343–1000 |
Residual mass (%) | 16 | 12 | 17 |
Mass loss in this process (%) | 60 | 75 | 55 |