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Table 2 Reaction parameters for CNT yield optimization using LA method

From: Can We Optimize Arc Discharge and Laser Ablation for Well-Controlled Carbon Nanotube Synthesis?

Target material

Metal catalyst (%)

Inert gas

Pressure (Torr)

Furnace/oven temp. (°C)

Laser properties (laser vaporization pulse)

Major observation

Refs

Type

Oscillation wavelength (nm)

Heat (mJ/pulse)

Spot diameter (mm)

Graphite rod

Ar

500

1200

900

200

Nd:YAG

532

250

3 and 6

• MWCNTs of length 300 nm are obtained with 4–24 layers

• Yields depend on the following temp.: (a) At 1200 °C, defect-free MWCNTs are obtained; (b) At 900 °C, number of defects is increased; and (c) At 200 °C, no MWCNTs are synthesized

• SWCNTs are not synthesized

[150]

Metal-graphite rod

Co (1)

Cu (0.6)

Nb (0.6)

Ni (0.6)

Pt (0.2)

Co:Ni (0.6/0.6)

Co:Pt (0.6/0.2)

Co: Cu (0.6/0.5)

Ni/Pt (0.6/0.2)

Ar

500

1200

Nd:YAG

532

300

6–7

• SWCNT are obtained with increasing temp up to 1200 °C

• Yields obtained in an order of (a) Ni > Co > Pt, (b) Co/Ni > Co/Pt > Ni/Pt > Co/Cu

• For Cu and Nb: no SWCNTs are secured

[48]

Metal-graphite rod

Ni-Co (1.2)

Ar

500

1200

Nd:YAG

532 (initial)

250 (initial)

5 (initial)

• >70% SWCNTs are secured with uniform diameter in the form of rope

• One rope contains from 100 to 500 SWCNTs

[49]

1064 (final)

300 (final)

7 (final)

Metal-graphite rod

Co/Ni (1)

Ar

500

200

Nd:YAG

532

490

6

• When the flow tube is 2.5 cm in diameter, Web-like SWCNT deposit is retained

• When the tube dimension is increased by ~5 cm in diameter, 50 vol% of SWNCT is obtained

• When 2.5 cm in diameter quartz tube coaxial and 5 cm tube extending are installed, 60 to 90 vol% SWCNT is acquired

• Finally, 1 g/day SWCNTs are accomplished

[160]

Metal-graphite rod

Ni (2)

Co (2)

Fe (2)

Y (0.5)

Ni/Y (4.2/1, 2/0.5, 1/0.25, 0.6/0.6, 0.5/0.1)

Ni/Co (4.2/1, 2/2, 2/0.5, 1/0.25, 0.6/0.6, 0.5/0.13, 0.4/0.4)

Ni/Fe (4.2/1, 2/0.5, 0.6/0.6)

Ar

400

No Furnace is used

CO2

250 W

• The soot contains large amounts of clean bundles of SWCNT (diameter 20 nm and lengths >1 μm)

• SWCNTs of 80 vol% are synthesized at a rate of 50 mg/h

• Ni/Y or Ni/Co showed rubbery web-like SWCNT soot

[50]

Graphite + catalysts powder

Co

Ni

Y

(2)

Ar

187–337

Solar energy (2000 W)

• Parallel and bundled SWCNTs are obtained

[156]

Metal-graphite rod

Ni (2)

Co (2)

Y (0.5)

Fe (2)

Ni/Co (4.2/1, 2/ 2, 0.5/ 1, 0.6/0.6, 0.5/0.1)

Ni/Y (4.2/1, 2/0.5, 1/0.25, 0.6/0.6, 0.5/0.1)

Ni/Fe (4.2/1, 2/0.5, 0.6/0.6)

Co/Y (2/0.5)

Ni/La (2/0.5)

Ar

N2

He

400

CO2

12000

W

0.16

• SWCNTs of diameter 1.4 nm are self-organized into a 20 nm bundle

• Maximum yield was noticed with Ni/Y and Ni/Co catalysts

• Cw-CO2 laser ablation is an easy and environment favorable method for the growth of high-quality SWCNT

[158]

Metal-graphite rod

Co and Ni (2.5)

Ar

N2

750

1100 °C

CO2

2100 W

 

• 20–40% SWCNT with mean diameter of 1.2–1.3 nm are obtained

[190]

Metal-graphite rod

Co–Ni (0.6)

Ar

500

25–1150

UV

248

• SWCNTs with 15–20 nm in diameter are secured

• Yield is lower at lower temp

• Repetition rate of 30 to 150 Hz leads to a higher yield and larger bundles

[157]

Metal-graphite rod

Ni (1)

Co (1)

Ar

N2

600

7726

ND:YAG

532

240

• N2 atmosphere produces more bundled than those of Ar ambience

[191]

Metal-graphite rod

Co

Ni (1.2)

Ar

750

999

1099

1199

1349

UV

308

58

• SWCNTs are formed with diameter 1.2∼1.7 nm and length >2 μm

• The highest yields at 1349 °C

[192]

Metal-graphite rod

Co

Ni

Ar

500

1100

UV

248

• SWCNT deposit of diameter 1.2 nm is secured

[193]

Metal-graphite rod

Co/Ni

Ar

500

900

1000

1150

UV

248

• SWCNT of diameter 1.2 nm and length 10 μm aggregate into bundles containing 2–40 nanotubes

• Optimal catalyst concentration of 1.2% synthesis high-quality SWCNT

• Increasing the furnace temperature increases diameters

[194]

Graphite rod

Fe2O3 (1–5)

Ar

500

ND:YAG

532

• Web-like MWCNT structures are obtained

• Fe2O3 catalyst (1%) influenced the magnetic properties of the CNTs

[195]

Graphite rod

Ar

50

150

400

760

CO2

3.5 kW

2.6

• Diameter of obtained MWCNT is in the range of 5–40 nm

• Pressure at 760 Torr was more effective to get large fraction MWCNT

[196]

Graphite rod

Fe/Al, Co/Al Ni/Al (1:1)

N2

H2

800

• Synthesized different nanostructures

• Fe in the catalyst mix yielded only MWCNT

• Samples containing Co or Ni led to a mixture of MWCNT and SWCNT

[197]

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