Solution-Processed Hybrid Light-Emitting Devices Comprising TiO2 Nanorods and WO3 Layers as Carrier-Transporting Layers

Table 1 Performance of inverted light-emitting devices based on TiO₂ nanomaterials

TiO₂ type	Turn-on voltage (V)	Max brightness (cd/m²)	Max current efficiency (cd/A)
Compact layer	14	790	0.15
Nanoparticles	13.5	333	0.08
Nanorods (100 nm)	4.5	4493	0.66
Nanorods (200 nm)	5.0	2589	0.15
Nanorods (300 nm)	9.5	1090	0.05