Fig. 4

The effect of PS ratio on the performance of the perovskite solar cell. J-V curve (solid line) on a bare TiO₂, b 1:10, c 1:5, and d 1:2 PS-templated TiO₂ under light exposure (AM 1.5, 100 mW cm⁻²), and the corresponding fitting result (dashed line) from the ideal one-diode model (described in the following Additional file 1: Figure S7). The corresponding photovoltaic parameters are summarized in Tables 1 and 2