Table 1 Plant response to some metal oxide nanoparticles
From: Plant Response to Engineered Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
Nanoparticle | Size (nm) | Plant | Concentration | Plant response | Key references |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CeO2 | 7 | Soybean | 0, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 mg/L | Genotoxicity recoded at 2000 and 4000 mg/L concentration; a new band in the roots’ RAPD profile was observed | [47] |
7 | Alfalfa, corn, cucumber, tomato | 0, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 mg/L | In corn, tomato and cucumber seed germination was reduced at 2000 mg/L; promoted root elongation for corn and cucumber; reduced root growth of alfalfa and tomato | [60] | |
8.0 ± 1.0 | Coriander | 125 mg/kg | Increased shoot, root length and biomass; increased ascorbate peroxidase activity in roots and catalase activity in shoots | [175] | |
<8.0 ± 1.0 | Rice | 0, 62.50, 125, 250, 500 mg/L | Reduced H2O2 generation in shoots and roots; increased electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation in shoots | [35] | |
8 ± 1 | Corn | 0, 400, 800 mg/kg | No impact on chlorophyll contents and gas exchange | [176] | |
8 ± 1 | Barley | 0, 125, 250, 500 mg/kg | Increased the plant height, chlorophyll contents, biomass, reduced spike production; increased Ca, K, Zn, Mg, Cu, Al, Fe, P and S in grains | [57] | |
8 ± 1 | Wheat | 0, 100, 400 mg/kg | Changes in microstructure of leaf cells, swollen chloroplasts, squeezed nuclei, bent and loosely arranged thylakoids; decreased chlorophyll contents and exhibits variation in protein content | [177] | |
10 ± 3.2 | Bacillus thuringiensis transgenic cotton | 0, 100, 500 mg/L | Swollen and destructed chloroplasts, reduced Zn, Mg, Fe and P levels in xylem sap of cotton | [178] | |
50–105 | Tomato | 20 mg/kg | Increased Ca, K, Mg, P in roots; Ca, Mg in stems; decreased Na contents stems; K, Na, P and S in leaves | [58] | |
8 ± 1 | Wheat | 0, 125, 250, 500 mg/L | Changes the amounts S and Mn in grains, amino acid composition and linolenic acid contents | [179] | |
ZnO | 8 | Soybean | 0, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 mg/L | No change in germination; genotoxicity recoded at 4000 mg/L concentration; a new band in the roots’ RAPD profile was observed | [47] |
10 | Soybean | 0–500 mg/kg | Reduced Fe at all treatments; Mg and K were decreased at 500 mg Zn/kg treatment | [180] | |
<50 | Soybean | 500 mg/kg | Reduced roots and shoots; had smaller surface area and volume; no seed formation | [181] | |
20 | Radish, rape, ryegrass, lettuce, corn, cucumber | 2000 mg/L | Reduced root growth and elongation | [19] | |
<10 | Zucchini | 1000 mg/L | Reduced biomass (78–90%) | [182] | |
10 | Cucumber | 400–800 mg/kg | No impact on growth, gas exchange or chlorophyll contents | [183] | |
90 | Corn | 800 mg/kg | Reduced growth and inhibition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi | [184] | |
10 | Alfalfa | 250, 500, 750 mg/kg | Reduced root biomass (80%) | [185] | |
44.4 | Arabidopsis | 400, 2000, 4000 mg/L | Reduced seed germination, root elongation and number of leaves | [93] | |
<100 | Arabidopsis | 100 mg/L | Reduced biomass (81.4%), seed germination, 660 up-regulated genes and 826 down-regulated genes | [92] | |
<50 | Garden pea | 100–1000 mg/L | No impact on germination; root length, stem length, leaf surface area, transpiration and root nodulation was affected | [186] | |
1.2–6.8 | Clusterbean | 10 mg/L | Increased biomass (27.1%), shoot length, root length, root area, chlorophyll content and total soluble leaf protein | [98] | |
25 | Tomato | 0–1000 mg/L | Plant height was increased (24%) at 250 mg ZnO/Kg; increased root length in foliar sprayed plants with 250 mg ZnO/L; concentrations above 250 mg ZnO/kg affected root length in both methods of application | [99] | |
<100 | Wheat | 50 mg/kg | Reduced biomass | [103] | |
<100 | Wheat | 500 mg/kg | Reduced root growth, increased reactive oxygen species production | [187] | |
CuO | <50 | Arabidopsis | 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 mg/L | Reduced biomass, root growth retardation, increased reactive oxygen species production | [116] |
<50 | Indian mustard | 0, 20, 50, 100, 200, 400, 500 mg/L | Reduced shoot and root growth | [128] | |
10–50 | Mung bean | 0, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 mg/L | Reduced biomass and root length at all concentrations; reduced chlorophyll content above 100 mg/L; no changes in carotenoid content; increased H2O2 and lipid peroxidation; increased reactive oxygen species production with increase in concentration; modulations in gene expression | [127] | |
<50 | Wheat | 500 mg/kg | Inhibition in root and shoot growth; produced oxidative stress possibly due to Cu released from nanoparticles, Cu bioaccumulates | [187] | |
<50 | Squash | 0, 100, 500 mg/L | Reduced growth and transpiration (60–70%) | [188] | |
<100 | Radish, grasses | 10, 100, 500, 1000 mg/L | Growth inhibition; DNA damage | [21] | |
TiO2/inorganic bentonite clay | 30/1–60 | Maize | 300, 1000 mg/L | Inhibited hydraulic conductivity, leaf growth and transpiration | [65] |
Activated carbon-based TiO2 | 30–50 | Tomato | 0–500 mg/L | Improved germination, reduced germination time | [189] |
30–50 | Mung bean | 0–500 mg/L | Improved germination, reduced germination time | [189] | |
TiO2 | – | Soybean | 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05% | Increased height (0.05%) and dry weight | [190] |
<100 | Wheat | ~91 mg/kg | Reduced biomass, nanoparticles found mostly stick on surface of roots | [103] | |
<25 | Tobacco | 0, 0.1, 1, 2.5, 5% | Reduced biomass, inhibited germination and root length; upregulation of alcohol dehydrogenase and ascorbate peroxidase | [191] | |
4–6 | Spinach | 0.25% | Improved growth; increased glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase and glutamic piruvic transaminase activity | [146] | |
7–40 | Chickpea | 2–10 mg/kg | Reduction in electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content at 5 mg/kg treatment | [192] | |
6.22 | Ulmus elongata | 0.1–0.4% | Increased Cu accumulation in leaves; reduced net photosynthetic rate; increased carbohydrates and lipids | [193] | |
27 ± 4 | Cucumber | 0, 250, 500, 750 mg/kg | Enhanced catalase; activity in leaves; enhanced P and K availability in fruit | [194] | |
Fe3O4 | 20 | Pumpkin | 500 mg/L | No toxic effect; nanoparticles are translocated throughout the plant tissues, detected in stem and leaves, accumulated on the surface of root | [46] |
7 | Cucumber, lettuce | 62, 100, 116 mg/L | Low to zero toxicity on germination | [195] | |
6 | Lettuce, radish, cucumber, spinach, tomato, leek, peppers | 0.67 mg/mL | Reduced germination | [196] | |
25 | Ryegrass, pumpkin | 30, 100 and 500 mg/L | Increased root elongation; no uptake; block of aquaporins; oxidative stress | [32] | |
Fe2O3 | 20–100 | Sunflower | 50, 100 mg/L | No uptake and translocation; reduced root hydraulic conductivity | [158] |
22–67 | Arabidopsis | 4 mg/kg | Reduced biomass and chlorophyll contents | [197] | |
– | Soybean | 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 g/L | Increased leaf and pod dry weight; increased grain yield (48%) | [167] | |
246 | Lettuce, radish, cucumber | 1000 mg/L | Found to be adsorb on the surface of seed | [198] | |
Al2O3 | 13 | Maize, cucumber, carrots, cabbage | 2000 mg/L | Reduced root growth | [168] |
– | Corn | 2000 mg/L | Reduced root length | [19] | |
– | Tobacco | 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1% | Increased root length, biomass; decreased leaf count; the seedlings significantly decreased; 1% Al2O3 exposure has shown extreme increase in microRNA expression | [171] |