Fig. 4

Temperature difference driving force F _S and drag force F _D. Temperature difference driving force F _S and drag force F _D at Ra = 1 × 10⁵ (A = 2:1, r = 20 nm). a F _S, φ = 0.01. b F _Dx , φ = 0.01. c F _Dy , φ = 0.01. d F _S, φ = 0.03. e F _Dx , φ = 0.03. f F _Dy , φ = 0.03. g F _S, φ = 0.05. h F _Dx , φ = 0.05. i F _Dy , φ = 0.05