Table 2 Summary of related studies on the preparation methods of TiO2 nanofluids in recent years
From: Toward TiO2 Nanofluids—Part 1: Preparation and Properties
Researchers | Base fluid | Particle size (nm) | TiO2 loading | Dispersant | pH | Physical means | Stable time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mo et al. [77] | Water | 20 × 50, 15 | 0.05–0.7 wt.% | SDS | 8 | Ultrasonication | 286 h |
Mo et al. [78] | Water | 15 | 0.7 wt.% | SDBS, PVP, CTAB | 8 | Sonication + stirring | 3 days |
Fedele et al. [89] | Water | 72–76 | 1–35 wt.% | Acetic acid | 1.86–3.07 | Sonication | 35 days |
Liu et al. [88] | Water | 25 | 3 wt.% | PEG1000 | 4–5, 9–10 | Ultrasound vibration | 168 h |
Kim et al. [91] | Water, EG | 10/34/70 | 1–3 vol.% | SDS | – | Sonication + stirring | – |
Mushed et al. [92] | Water | 15, 10 × 40 | 0–0.55 vol.% | Oleic acid, CTAB | 6.8–6.2 | – | |
Jarahnejad et al. [93] | Water | 30 | 3–9 wt.% | Polycarboxylate, trioxadecane acid | 7.2, 7.5 | – | |
Ghadimi et al. [90] | Water | 25 | 0.1 wt.% | SDS | 5 | Ultrasonic vibration | 1 year |
Said et al. [94] | Water | 21 | 0.1–0.3 vol.% | PEG400 | 9 | High-pressure homogenizer | 30 days |
Murshed et al. [134] | EG | 15, 10 × 40 | 1–5 vol.% | CTAB | Ultrasonication | – | |
Reddy et al. [135] | W, W + EG (6:4) W + EG (1:1) | 40 | 0.2–1 vol.% | Oleic acid and CTAB | Ultrasonic bath | – | |
Saleh et al. [109] | Water | 33 | 0.05–5 vol.% | CTAB, SDS, span 80 | Sonication + stirring | – | |
Peng et al. [96] | R141b | 25, 40, 60, 100 | 25–500 mg/L | SDBS, CTAB, NP-10 | Ultrasonication | – | |
Nakayama and Hayashi [79] | Organic solvents | 3.2 | 10 wt.% | Hexanoic acid, n-hexylamine | – | Sonication | |
Wu et al. [95] | Ammonia–water | 15 | 0.1 vol.% | PAA | – | Sonication + stirring | 48 h |
Yang et al. [74] | Ammonia–water | 15 | 1–4vol.% | PEG1000 | Sonication + stirring | – | |
Duangthongsuk and Wongwises [136] | Water | 21 | 0.2 vol.% | CTAB | – | Ultrasonic vibration | – |
Srinivas et al. [137] | Water | 10 | 0.3–2 wt.% | CTAB | – | Ultrasonic vibration | – |
Megatif et al. [138] | Water | 27 | 0.1–0.2 wt.% | SDBS | – | Sonication | – |
Tazarv et al. [132] | R141b | 30 | 0.01–0.03 vol.% | CTAB | – | Ultrasonication + stirring | 1 week |
Bobbo et al. [120] | Water | 21 | 0.01–1 wt.% | PEG800 | – | High-pressure homogenizer | 18 days |
Kayhani et al. [97] | Water | 15 | 0.1–2 vol.% | HMDS | Ultrasonic vibration | Several days | |
Li and Sun [80] | SRFA and Fe(III) | 30 | 50 mg/L | 4, 6, 8 | Sonication | A few days | |
Setia et al. [139] | Water | – | 0.5–0.75 vol.% | 3 | Ultrasonication | – | |
He et al. [81] | Water | 20 | 0.24–1.18 vol.% | – | 11 | Ultrasonication | Months |
Hu et al. [140] | Water | 10 | 0.94–2.78 vol.% | – | 8 | – | – |
Yiamsawasd et al. [141] | Water, W + EG (8:2) | 21 | 0–8 vol.% (W) 0–4 vol.% (W + EG) | – | 7 (W), 6 (W + Eg) | Ultrasonic vibrator | – |
Longo et al. [142] | EG | 15 | 1–3 vol.% | None | 8.3 | Sonication + stirring | Ensure test period |
Chakraborty et al. [143] | Water | 20 × 100 | 0.1–2 wt.% | None | 6.5 | Ultrasonic vibrator | – |
Pak and Cho [144] | Water | 27 | 1–10 vol.% | None | 10 | Stirring | 5–6 days |
Vakili et al. [82] | Water | 25 | 0.5–1.5 vol.% | None | 11 | Ultrasonic vibrator | 24 h |
Muthusamy et al. [84] | EG | 30–50 | 0.5–1.5 vol.% | None | 8.2–8.5 | Mechanical stirring | >3 weeks |
Sen et al. [83] | Aqueous electrolytes | 25 | 20–50 wt.% | None | 11 | Ultrasonic bath | >1 month |
Trisaksri et al. [145] | R141b | 21 | 0.01–0.05 vol.% | – | – | Ultrasonic vibration | 3–4 weeks |
Padmanabhan et al. [101] | R134a and mineral oil | – | 0.1 g/L | – | – | Magnetic stirrer | 6 months |
Tajik et al. [86] | Water | 30–40 | 0.005–0.2 vol.% | None | – | Ultrasonic pulses | 48 h |
Longo et al. [87] | Water | 30–50 | 1–6 vol.% | None | – | Sonication + stirring | >1 month |
Tavman et al. [146] | Water | 21 | 0.2–3 vol.% | None | – | Ultrasonication | – |
Wang et al. [147] | EG | 40 | 0–4 vol.% | None | – | Ultrasonic bath | – |
Palabiyik et al. [102] | Propylene glycol | 21 | 0.25–2.4 | None | – | Sonication | Several months |
Zhang et al. [148] | Water | 40 | 0–2.6 vol.% | None | – | Sonication | 48 h |
Lokwani et al. [149] | Water | 25 | 0.25–1 wt.% | – | – | Ultrasonication | 30 days |
Li et al. [85] | MDEA | 15 | 0.05–0.8 wt.% | None | – | Ultrasonication | 48 h |
Sajadi and Kazemi [150] | Water | 30 | 0.02–0.25 vol.% | None | – | Ultrasonication | – |
Leena et al. [151] | Water | 15 | 0.04–0.2 wt.% | None | – | Ultrasonication | 4–6 days |
Mostafizur et al. [152] | Methanol | 21 | 0.01–0.15 vol.% | None | – | Ultrasonication | 7 days |
Sonawane et al. [75] | Water/EG/paraffin oil | 5 | 1–6 vol.% | None | – | Ultrasonication | A few hours |