Table 3 Particle loading dependence of the viscosity of TiO2 nanofluids in different research
From: Toward TiO2 Nanofluids—Part 1: Preparation and Properties
Researchers | Base fluid | Particle shape | Particle size (nm) | Volume fraction | Viscosity increment (%) | Whether Newtonian fluids |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
He et al. [111] | Water | Spherical | 20 | 0.125–1% | 11–141 | Yes |
Water | Spherical | 20 | 0.125–1% | 15–141 | Yes | |
He and Zheng [153] | BaCl2–water | Spherical | – | 0.167–1.13% | 2.86–31.9 | Yes |
Ling et al. [113] | Water | Spherical | 35 | 0–0.225% | 0–7.15 | – |
Chen et al. [64] | EG | Rod-like | 10 × 100 | 0–1.8% | 0–72 | No |
Water | Rod-like | 10 × 100 | 0.1–0.6% | 1–82 | No | |
EG | Spherical | 25 | 0.25–1.2% | 3–11 | Yes | |
Water | Spherical | 25 | 0.1–1.86% | 0.5–23 | No | |
Duangthongsuk and Wongwises [108] | Water | Spherical | 21 | 0.2–2% | 4–15 | – |
Mahbubul et al. [110] | R123 | Spherical | 21 | 0.5–2% | 1.3–5.2 | – |
Yiamsawas et al. [123] | EG/water (20/80 wt.%) | Spherical | 21 | 1–4% | 13.6–60 | – |
Saleh et al. [109] | Water | Spherical | 33 | 0.05–5% | 1–40 | – |
Yiamsawas et al. [115] | Water | Spherical | 21 | 1–8% | 10–125 | – |
Turgut et al. [112] | Water | Spherical | 21 | 0.2–3% | 4–135 | – |
Arulprakasajothi et al. [107] | Water | Spherical | 32 | 0.1–0.75% | 0.5–2.1 | Yes |
Murshed et al. [154] | Water | Spherical | 15 | 1–5% | 25–82 | – |
Masuda et al. [155] | Water | Spherical | 27 | 1–5% | 10–82 | – |
Lokwani1 et al. [149] | Water | Spherical | 25 | 0.25–1% | 68–84 | – |
Pak and Cho [144] | Water | Spherical | 27 | 1–10% | 2.5–200 | No |
Bobbo et al. [120] | Water | Spherical | 21 | 0.01–1 wt.% | −2.29 to 6.87 | Yes |
Vakili et al. [82] | Water | Spherical | 25 | 0.5–1.5% | 2–5.03 | – |
Sen et al. [83] | Aqueous electrolytes | Spherical | 25 | 0–20 wt.% | 0–380 | – |
Yapici et al. [118] | PEG200 | Spherical | 21 | 5 wt.% | 15–108 | No |