Fig. 5From: Ultrasensitive Biosensor for the Detection of Vibrio cholerae DNA with Polystyrene-co-acrylic Acid Composite NanospheresThe effect of pH (a) various cations (b), buffer concentration (c), and ionic strength (d) on the DNA hybridization response of the electrochemical V. cholerae DNA biosensor. Hybridization was performed with 5 μM cDNA and reporter probe followed by intercalation with 1 mM AQMSBack to article page