The Potential Liver, Brain, and Embryo Toxicity of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Mice

Table 3 Effects of TiO₂ of different sizes at different exposure time on the growth and development of mouse in vitro embryos

DOE (h)	Embryos (n)	VXY diameter	CRL (mm)	Head length (mm)	The number of body sections	Neubert scores	Malformation rate (%)
Micro-TiO₂
0	15	4.38 ± 0.08	3.35 ± 0.09	1.45 ± 0.04	30.76 ± 1.21	54.36 ± 1.32	0
16	12	4.39 ± 0.11	3.35 ± 0.13	1.47 ± 0.12	30.81 ± 1.13	54.14 ± 1.16	0
26	12	4.36 ± 0.15	3.36 ± 0.12	1.49 ± 0.11	30.62 ± 1.26	53.28 ± 1.08	0
48	15	4.41 ± 0.13	3.38 ± 0.11	1.49 ± 0.08	30.42 ± 1.22	53.45 ± 1.22	0
5–10 nm
0	15	4.37 ± 0.06	3.35 ± 0.06	1.46 ± 0.06	30.86 ± 1.61	54.43 ± 1.38	0
16	12	4.35 ± 0.04	3.03 ± 0.07	1.47 ± 0.12	30.43 ± 1.32	53.12 ± 1.26	13.33
26	12	3.93 ± 0.07*	2.76 ± 0.05*	1.14 ± 0.07*	25.26 ± 1.31*	41.32 ± 1.38*	75.00^#
48	15	3.01 ± 0.06^#	2.08 ± 0.08^#	0.94 ± 0.08^#	18.34 ± 1.12^#	26.24 ± 1.43^#	94.44^#
60 nm
0	15	4.39 ± 0.06	3.36 ± 0.07	1.47 ± 0.08	30.90 ± 1.62	54.13 ± 1.31	0
16	12	4.36 ± 0.04	3.13 ± 0.13	1.22 ± 0.17*	30.63 ± 1.45	52.31 ± 1.26	8.33
24	12	4.05 ± 0.09*	2.77 ± 0.08^#	1.15 ± 0.06*	27.68 ± 1.30*	41.32 ± 1.48*	66.67*
48	15	3.04 ± 0.11^#	2.13 ± 0.16^#	0.94 ± 0.78^#	19.04 ± 1.07^#	27.24 ± 1.15^#	100.00^#
90 nm
0	15	4.39 ± 0.06	3.36 ± 0.06	1.47 ± 0.08	30.90 ± 1.62	54.13 ± 1.31	0
16	12	4.37 ± 0.04	3.35 ± 0.08	1.22 ± 0.17*	30.63 ± 1.45	52.31 ± 1.26	0
24	12	4.25 ± 0.06	3.08 ± 0.07^#	1.15 ± 0.06*	27.68 ± 1.30*	41.32 ± 1.48*	56.67*
48	15	3.34 ± 0.09^#	2.29 ± 0.05^#	0.94 ± 0.78^#	19.04 ± 1.07^#	27.24 ± 1.15^#	86.67^#