Table 2 Different approaches for manufacturing of various nanomaterials with their respective types
From: Nanotechnology: from In Vivo Imaging System to Controlled Drug Delivery
Approach | Subtypes | Principle | Example of drug | Nanostructure/nanodevice | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nanoprecipitation-dependent techniques | Anti-solvent precipitation | Supersaturation in which dissolution of a lipophilic drug in organic solvent followed by in anti-solvent (water). It leads to the nucleation of drug followed by precipitation of particles. | Itraconazole | Amorphous nanoparticles (<250 nm) | [149] [150] |
Curcumin | Nanoparticles | [151] | |||
Flash nanoprecipitation | Dissolution of a hydrophobic drug and amphiphilic copolymers in a water miscible organic solvent. Then, the organic solvent is mixed with an anti-solvent (water). High supersaturation level is achieved that triggers nanoprecipitaion. | Curcumin | Nanoparticles (40 nm) | [152] | |
AIE (aggregation-induced emission) active dye of EDP | Fluorescent nanoparticles (20–60 nm) | [153] | |||
Doxorubicin | Nanoparticles (<100 nm) | [154] | |||
Sono precipitation | Crystallization by ultrasonic waves | Fenofibrate | Nanocrystals | [155] | |
Felodipine | Nanosuspension | [156]. | |||
Herceptin (HCT)-functionalized paclitaxel | Nanocrystals | [157] | |||
Lovastatin | Rod shaped nanocrystals | [158] | |||
High gravity controlled precipitation | High gravity conditions are maintained for precipitation by passing solution across rotating bed packing. | Hydroxyapatite (nHAP) | Nanoparticles (1.9–14.2 nm) | [159] | |
Milling-dependent techniques | Wet milling technique | Attrition is involved in which microsized particles are commuted by milling beads in a milling chamber to obtain nanosized particles (usually smaller than 400 nm). | Griseofulvin and Indomethacin | Nanoparticles (<100 nm) | [160] |
Itraconazole adipic acid | Nanocrystals | [161] | |||
Repaglinide | Nanocrystals | [162] | |||
Salt-assisted milling | Milling along with salts like NaCl with steel balls to produce nanosized particles. NaCl is incorporated in milling medium to prevent degradation and aggregation of nanoparticles [28]. | Nanodiamond aggregates (50–1000 nm) | Nanodiamond colloids (5–10 nm) | [163] | |
Co-grinding | Grinding of APIs with specific additives to produce nanosized particles [164]. | Ibuprofen–glucosamine HCl | Co-ground particles | [165] | |
Piroxicam | Cryogenic co-ground solid dispersions | [166] | |||
High-pressure homogenization | Milling of suspended drug particles under high pressure by using homogenizer. | Myricetin | Nanosuspension | [167] | |
α-chitin | Nanofibers (<100 nm) | [168] | |||
Spraying-dependent techniques | Spray drying | Dispersion or liquids are transformed into solid powdered form upon spraying into drying medium at high temperature [169]. | Cyclosporine A | Nanoparticles (317 to 681 nm) | [170] |
Electrospraying | Strong electric field is applied to atomize a liquid into fine dispersed particles at normal pressure and ambient temperature and without use of surfactants. | Piroxicam | Nanospheres | [171] | |
Supercritical fluid technology | RESS (Rapid expansion in supercritical solution) | Drug is solubilized in a supercritical fluid and the solution is then expanded in a low-pressure area through a nozzle. The drug becomes insoluble in low pressure gas and then supersaturation occurs and this leads to the production of micro and nanosized particles. | Olanzapine | Nanoparticles (150–350 nm) | [172] |
RESS-SC (Rapid expansion of supercritical solution with solid co-solvent) | In this technique, supercritical fluid, i.e., CO2, is saturated with several solid co solvents [173]. | Theophylline | Nanoparticles (mean size: 85 nm) | [173] | |
SAS (supercritical anti-solvent) | In this technique, precipitation of drug occurs upon its dissolution in an organic solvent, due to antisolvent effect. | Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)–folic acid (FA) | Microspheres | [174] | |
BSA (bovine serum albumin) | Nanoparticles (60 nm ± 10 nm) | [174] | |||
SAA (supercritical-assisted atomization) | The organic solution and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) are mixed; they form an expanded liquid in a saturator. It is then atomized under some specific conditions results in the formation of nanodroplets which produce NPs by drying [175]. | Rifampicin | PLLA nanoparticles (123 to 148 nm) | [176] | |
Gentamycin sulfate | Microparticles (<2 μm) | [177] |