Table 1 Data for synthesis of copper nanoparticles under different reaction conditions
Plants | Part of plant | Active compounds in plant | Precursor salt | Concentration of salt | Reaction conditions | Characterization | Size | Shape | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Euphorbia esula | Leaves | Flavonoids and phenolic acids | Copper chloride | 5 mM | Temp 120 °C, pH 9, time 20 min | UV, FTIR, XRD, TEM | 20–110 nm | Spherical | [56] |
Punica granatum | Peels | – | Copper sulfate | 50 mM | Temp 80 °C for 10 min and 40 °C for 4 h | UV, FTIR, PSA, TEM | 15–20 nm | Spherical | [57] |
Ocimum sanctum | Leaves | Terpenoids, alcohols, ketones, esters, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids | Copper sulfate | 1 mM | Room temp | UV, FTIR, PSA, TEM, MZS | 25 nm | Rod, cylindrical, elliptical | [58] |
Leaves | Copper sulfate | 1 mM | Room temp | UV, FTIR, EDX, SEM | 150–200 nm | Spherical | [115] | ||
Ginkgo biloba | Leaves | Polyphenols, quercetin | Copper chloride | 5 mM | Temp 80 °C, pH 9, time 30 min | UV, FTIR, EDS, TEM | 15–20 nm | Spherical | [59] |
Calotropis procera | Latex | Cysteine proteases | Copper acetate | 3 mM | Room temp | UV, FTIR, XRD, TEM, EDAX | 15 ± 1.7 nm | Spherical | [60] |
Lawsonia inermis | Leaves | – | Copper sulfate | 10 mM | Temp 100 °C, pH 11, time 30 min | UV, FTIR, HRTEM, SEM, DMOM | – | [61] | |
Citrus medicalinn | Fruit juice | Ascorbic acid, saponins, and flavonoids | Copper sulfate | 100 mM | Temp 60–100 °C | UV, FTIR, NTA, XRD | 33 nm | – | [62] |
Camellia sinensis | Leaves | Flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, and polysaccharides | Copper chloride | 1 mM | Temp 100 °C, time 3 h | UV, FTIR, EDX, TEM, SEM | 15–25 nm | Spherical | [63] |
Leaves | – | Copper chloride | 10 mM | Temp 90 °C | FTIR, EDX, TEM, SEM, XRD, NTA | 10–40 nm | Spherical | [104] | |
Datura innoxia | Leaves | – | Copper sulfate | 1 mM | – | UV, FTIR, EDX, FESEM | 90–200 nm | Spherical | [64] |
Syzygium aromaticum | Flowers | Eugenol | Copper sulfate | 1 mM | Room temp, pH 3.43 | UV, FTIR, XRD, TEM, SEM | 5–40 nm | – | [65] |
Sesamum indicum | Seeds | – | Copper sulfate | 10 mM | – | UV | – | – | [66] |
Citrus limon and Turmeric curcumin | Fruit | Curcuminanilineazomethine | Copper chloride | 1 mM | – | UV, FTIR, XRD, HRTEM, SEM | 60–100 nm | Spherical | [67] |
Gloriosa superba L. | Leaves | – | Copper sulfate | 1 mM | Room temp | UV, FTIR | – | – | [68] |
Gossypium | Gum | Hydroxyl, acetyl, carbonyl, and carboxylic groups | Copper nitrate | 40 mM | Room temp, pH 12 | TEM, SAXS, UV, XRD | 19 nm | Spherical | [116] |
Ficus carica | Leaves | – | Copper chloride | 10 mM | Temp 25 °C, pH 8, time 30 min | UV, SEM, XRD | 50–120 nm | – | [69] |
Aegle marmelos | Leaves | Polyphenols, alkenoids, phenylpropanoid, and terpenoids | Copper chloride | 1 mM | – | UV, FTIR, XRD | 48 nm | Spherical | [70] |
Caesalpinia pulcherrima | Flowers | – | Copper nitrate | 1 mM | – | UV, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDAX | 18–20 nm | Spherical | [71] |
Cassia fistula | Flowers | – | Copper sulfate | 1 mM | Room temp | UV, FTIR, XRD, SEM | 20 | – | [72] |
Leucas aspera | Leaves | – | Copper sulfate | 1 mM | – | UV | – | – | [73] |
Leucas chinensis | Leaves | – | Copper sulfate | 1 mM | – | XRD, FESEM, EDX | 60.23 nm | – | [117] |
Delonix elata | Flowers | – | Copper sulfate | 1 mM | – | UV, FTIR, XRD, SEM | 20 | – | [74] |
Aloe barbadensis Miller | Flowers | – | Copper acetate | 5 mM | Temp 50 °C, time 30 min | UV, FTIR, FESEM | 40 nm | Spherical | [75] |
Thymus vulgaris | Leaves | – | Copper sulfate | 0.2 M | Temp 80 °C, time 4 h | BET, TEM, SAED, FTIR, XRD, XRF, FESEM, EDS | – | – | [76] |
Phyllanthus emblica | Fruit | Tannin, saponin, flavonoid, alkaloid, quinone, anthraquinone, anthocyanosides, phenols | Copper sulfate | 20 mM | Temp 60–80 °C, pH 10 | UV, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDAX | 15–30 nm | Flakes | [77] |
Magnolia kobus | Leaves | Copper sulfate | 1 mM | Temp 25–95 °C | ICP, EDS, XPS, SEM, HRTEM | 40–100 nm | Spherical | [78] | |
Eucalyptus | Leaves | Flavonoids and phenolic acids | Copper sulfate | 1 mM | – | UV, FTIR, XRD | 38.62 nm | – | [79] |
Artabotrys odoratissimus | Leaves | – | Copper sulfate | 1 mM | Temp 95 °C | PSA | 35 nm | – | [80] |
Capparis zeylanica | Leaves | – | Copper sulfate | – | UV, FTIR, SEM, EDX, XRD, TEM | 50–100 nm | Cubical | [81] | |
Vitis vinifera | Leaves | – | Copper acetate | 1% | – | UV, FTIR, XRD | 3–6 nm | – | [82] |
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis | Leaves | Polyphenols, flavonoids, proteins, lignins, xanthones | Copper nitrate | 50 mM | – | UV, FTIR, TEM | – | – | [83] |
Zingiber officinale | – | – | – | – | – | FTIR, XRD, EDX, TEM, SAED | 10.13 nm | Cubical | [84] |
Datura metel | Leaves | Alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolic groups | – | – | Time 10 min | UV, PSA, TEM, EDX, FTIR | – | – | [85] |
Zea mays | Leaves | – | Copper sulfate | 10 mM | Room temp, time 1 h | UV, XRD, EDAX, FTIR | 40 nm | Mixed | [86] |
Urtica | Leaves | Flavonoids, quercetin, rutin, morin | Copper sulfate | – | Temp 70 °C | UV, SEM, XRD | 6.5 nm | – | [87] |
Matricaria chamomilla | Leaves | Flavonoids | Copper sulfate | – | Temp 70 °C | UV, SEM, XRD | 58.77 nm | – | [87] |
Glycyrrhiza glabra | Leaves | Flavonoids | Copper sulfate | – | Temp 70 °C | UV, SEM, XRD | 28.21 nm | – | [87] |
Schisandra chinensis | Leaves | Quercetin, rutin, morin | Copper sulfate | – | Temp 70 °C | UV, SEM, XRD | 32 nm | – | [87] |
Inula helenium | Leaves | Flavonoids | Copper sulfate | – | Temp 70 °C | UV, SEM, XRD | 32.41 nm | – | [87] |
Cinnamomum | Leaves | Flavonoids | Copper sulfate | – | Temp 70 °C | UV, SEM, XRD | 48.8 nm | – | [87] |
Dodonaea viscosa | Leaves | Santin, penduletin, alizarin, pinocembrin, tannins, saponins | Copper chloride | 1 mM | Temp 50 °C, pH 10 | UV, XRD, AFM, HRTEM, SAED | 30–40 nm | Spherical | [88] |
Cassia auriculata | Leaves | – | Copper sulfate | 1 mM | – | FESEM, XRD, FTIR | 38–43 nm | Spherical | [89] |
Azadirachta indica | Leaves | – | Fehling solution | – | – | UV | – | – | [90] |
Lantana camera | Leaves | – | Fehling solution | – | – | UV | – | – | [90] |
Tridax procumbens | Leaves | – | Fehling solution | – | – | UV | – | – | [90] |
Allium sativum | – | Copper sulfate | 10 mM | – | UV, FTIR, SEM, XRD, TEM | 100 nm | Spherical | [91] | |
Asparagus adscendens | Leaves | – | copper sulfate | 1 mM | – | UV, FTIR, TEM, SAED | 10–15 nm | Spherical | [92] |
Bacopa monnieri | Leaves | – | copper sulfate | 1 mM | – | UV, FTIR, TEM, SAED | 50–60 nm | Spherical | [92] |
Ocimum bacilicum | Leaves | – | copper sulfate | 1 mM | – | UV, FTIR, TEM, SAED | 40–60 nm | Spherical | [92] |
Withania somnifera | Leaves | – | copper sulfate | 1 mM | – | UV, FTIR, TEM, SAED | 50–60 nm | Mixed | [92] |
Smithia sensitiva | Leaves | Tannin, saponin, flavonoid, anthraquinone glycoside, steroids | Copper sulfate | 1 mM | – | UV, FTIR, SEM, NTA | 136 nm | – | [93] |
Leaves | Tannin, saponin, flavonoid, anthraquinone glycoside, steroids | Copper acetate | 1% | – | UV, FTIR, SEM, NTA | 50 nm | – | [93] | |
Colocasia esculenta | Leaves | Tannin, flavonoid, alkaloid, cardiac glycoside, terpenoids, phenols | Copper sulfate | 1 mM | – | UV, FTIR, SEM, NTA | 57 nm | – | [93] |
Leaves | Tannin, flavonoid, alkaloid, cardiac glycoside, terpenoids, phenols | Copper acetate | 1% | – | UV, FTIR, SEM, NTA | 44 nm | – | [93] | |
Nerium oleander | Leaves | Copper sulfate | 1 mM | – | UV, FTIR | – | – | [94] | |
Psidium guajava | Fruit | Flavonoid, alkaloid, steroids, glycoside, terpenoids, phenols | Copper sulfate | 20 mM | Room temp, pH 10 | UV, FTIR, XRD, EDAX, TEM, SEM | 15–30 nm | Flakes | [95] |