Table 1 Micro-scale energy conversion devices [71]
From: Solid-State Nanopore
Energy conversion devices | Energy input | Energy output | Conversion efficiency | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Micro-heat engine | Thermal energy | Electric energy | ~ 30% | [75] |
Micro-fuel cell | Chemical energy | Electric energy | > 60% | [76] |
Photovoltaic device | Luminous energy | Electric energy | ~ 12% | [77] |
Nanomobile battery | Mechanical energy | Electric energy | ~ 40% | [78] |
Nanoconcentration battery | Chemical energy | Electric energy | 15%~40% | [70] |