Fig. 5

Effect of Au NSs on glioblastoma-astrocytoma cells. a Percentage cell death of glioblastoma-astrocytoma cells as a function of concentration of AuNSs. Incubation time was 24 h. Images b–m are acquired after incubation of makura-shaped AuNSs in glioblastoma-astrocytoma cells taken at several time points up to 24 h. b TEM shows an invagination of the cellular membrane (m membrane, scale bar = 1 μm), and c halogen and d fluorescence images show association of makura-shaped AuNSs at the cellular membrane. e Uptake of makura-shaped AuNSs were observed after 6 h (scale bar = 500 nm), f with uptake in intracellular vesicles (v vesicle, scale bar = 2 μm). g Staining of the nucleus (n) suggests that makura-shaped Au NSs were excluded from the nucleus. h TEM images taken after 12 h suggest uptake via macropinocytosis (scale bar = 500 nm), with i intravesicular location of makura-shaped AuNSs (vm vesicular membrane, scale bar = 500 nm). j Intracellular compartmentalization was also visible from the microscopy. Uptake of makura-shaped AuNSs continued at 24 h as seen in TEM images k (scale bar = 2 μm) and l (scale bar = 5 μm). m Detachment of glioblastoma-astrocytoma cells from the surface was observed, which most likely is an indication of cell death