Assessment of Gold Nanoparticles-Inhibited Cytochrome P450 3A4 Activity and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Its Cellular Toxicity in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line C3A

Table 1 The D_H, PDI, and z-potential of 40 and 80 nm bare and PC AuNP with BPEI, LA, and PEG in medium* at 37 °C. Data is mean ± SD (n = 5)

AuNP size (nm)	Surface coating	D_H (nm)		PDI		z-potential
AuNP size (nm)	Surface coating	0 h	24 h	0 h	24 h	0 h	24 h
40	BPEI	227.9 ± 6.0	193.5 ± 2.7	0.15 ± 0.01	0.22 ± 0.01	− 9.3 ± 1.0	− 10.8 ± 1.4
	LA	65.9 ± 0.2	86.7 ± 0.5	0.26 ± 0.01	0.22 ± 0.01	− 10.2 ± 2.0	− 11.3 ± 1.3
	PEG	72.0 ± 0.5	76.5 ± 0.2	0.25 ± 0.01	0.24 ± 0.01	− 9.4 ± 1.5	− 10.1 ± 0.7
	PC BPEI	ND	ND	0.62 ± 0.01	0.29 ± 0.01	− 10.5 ± 0.5	− 10.1 ± 0.3
	PC LA	81.3 ± 0.3	87.3 ± 0.38	0.14 ± 0.01	0.10 ± 0.01	− 8.4 ± 0.8	− 10.8 ± 0.6
	PC PEG	129.0 ± 2.6	117.6 ± 3.22	0.28 ± 0.01	0.18 ± 0.01	− 7.9 ± 0.6	− 9.9 ± 0.9
80	BPEI	205.9 ± 3.4	196.1 ± 6.7	0.13 ± 0.02	0.13 ± 0.02	− 9.0 ± 1.3	− 10.1 ± 0.6
	LA	136.1 ± 0.5	144.6 ± 1.3	0.10 ± 0.01	0.10 ± 0.01	− 10.5 ± 1.2	− 10.5 ± 2.2
	PEG	128.9 ± 0.5	127.9 ± 0.6	0.04 ± 0.01	0.05 ± 0.02	− 2.3 ± 0.3	− 7.6 ± 0.6
	PC BPEI	ND	ND	1.00 ± 0.06	0.32 ± 0.01	− 9.4 ± 0.4	− 10.8 ± 0.7
	PC LA	127.7 ± 0.9	139.7 ± 1.2	0.10 ± 0.01	0.08 ± 0.02	− 9.1 ± 0.9	− 10.9 ± 0.5
	PC PEG	139.6 ± 0.3	134.5 ± 1.8	0.05 ± 0.01	0.05 ± 0.02	− 3.6 ± 0.6	− 4.7 ± 0.5

D_H hydrodynamic diameter, PDI polydispersity index, BPEI branched polyethylenimine, LA lipoic acid, ND not determined, PEG polyethylene glycol, PC human plasma protein corona; Bare, no PC; *, Eagle’s minimum essential medium (EMEM) supplemented with 10% FBS (ATCC^®, Manassas, VA)