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Table 1 Comparisons between hard templating and soft templating approaches used for g-C3N4 synthesis

From: Mini Review on the Structure and Properties (Photocatalysis), and Preparation Techniques of Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nano-Based Particle, and Its Applications

Fabrication strategies

Comparisons

References

1. Hard templating approach

i. The nano-casting technique using a hard template is the most widely reported and successfully applied method used for the introduction of mesoporosity in solid materials such as carbons, nitrides, polymers, and ceramics.

ii. Nano and casting differ in terms of the length scale involved. While casting is predominantly done on a macroscopic scale, nano-casting on the other hand is done on the nanoscale, and hence, the prefix “nano” is used while referring to the casting process as applied to the synthesis of materials with nano dimensions.

iii. This synthetic method involves the following three important steps: (a) synthesis of the ordered mesophase silica template; (b) infiltration of the template with the necessary precursors, including the conversion of precursors into a solid; and (c) removal of the template.

[116, 117]

2. Soft templating approach

i. A soft templating approach has been extensively used for the synthesis of many mesoporous materials.

ii. Unlike the broadly reported hard template-based nano-casting procedures for the synthesis of graphene carbon nitride reports, on the use of soft templates for the synthesis of graphene are quite limited.

iii. The soft templating approach was appreciated by Antonietti and group for the preparation of carbon nitride through simple self-assembly between the organic structure directing agents and the CA.

(Fig. 4a), [25, 118, 119]

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