Mini Review on the Structure and Properties (Photocatalysis), and Preparation Techniques of Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nano-Based Particle, and Its Applications

Table 2 Typical g-C₃N₄ preparation techniques

Methods	Precursors	Surface area	Photocatalytic activity	Sharpe/structure	References
Thermal reactions	Melamine, cyanuric chloride	No data	High	Fine nickel powder	[41]
Solvothermal reactions	Melamine, cyanuric chloride, urea	No data	High (Fig.7)	Crystalline, fine particles (Fig.7)	[59, 60, 63]
Chemical vapor deposition	Melamine, uric acid	Large	No data	Heptazine blocks, jaggy-like shape (Fig. 8), crystallinity, nanometric texture	[60, 66]
Sol–gel synthesis	Dialkylamine	Higher	No data		[69, 70]
Microwave heating	Melamine, cyanuric chloride, urea	high (90 m² g⁻¹)	Enhanced	No data	[71]