Fig. 1

Method to obtain the PISHE current and the PISHE measured at 300 K. a Illustration of the movement of spin polarized electrons under the normal illumination of left-hand circular polarization (σ⁺) or right-hand circular polarization (σ⁻) light. The red arrows denote the flowing of electrons, the blue arrows indicate the spin direction of electrons, and the black arrows show the spin transverse force acting on electrons. b The geometry used to measure the PISHE current. c The photocurrent measured at 300 K as a function of the phase angle φ under normal incidence when the light spot is illustrated at point A. The solid line (black) is the fitting curve using Eq. (1), the dashed line (red) represents the PISHE current, and the blue and green dotted lines represent the L₁ and L₂ component. The dashed-dot line indicates the background current J₁. d The PISHE current as a function of light spot locations measured at 300 K