Table 5 Availability and color range for the natural dyes (anthocyanin, carotenoid, chlorophyll, and flavonoid)
From: Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Fundamentals and Current Status
Sensitizer | Availability | Color range | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
Anthocyanin | Flowers, fruits, leaves, roots, tubers, and stems of the plant | Purple red | (a) [403] (b) [404] |
Carotenoid | Fruits, flowers of plants, and microorganisms | (a) Red, yellow, and orange colors to flowers and fruits (b) Yellow to orange petal colors | (a) [405] (b) [271] |
Chlorophyll | Leaves of mostly green plants, algae, and cyanobacteria | Green | [275] |
Flavonoid | Plants including angiosperms, gymnosperms, ferns, and bryophytes | Various colors of flavonoids are determined by the degree of oxidation of the C-ring | [273] |