Table 6 PV characteristics for different natural dye-sensitized solar cells

Roselle

Absorption peak of the photoanode was broader than that of the dye solution due to the binding of anthocyanin in the extract to the TiO₂ surface with a shift to a higher wavelength (from 540 to 560 nm)

0.55

Red Cabbage

Absorption band and intensity has observed to be enhanced due to the interfacial Ti–O coupling between the dye molecule and the TiO₂ molecules

0.36

Morinda lucida

Shows absorption maxima at 600 nm and 440 nm

0.47

Sumac/Rhus

Visible absorption band shifts to higher energy, showing a maximum absorption around 400–500 nm upon adsorption onto TiO₂

0.41

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

–

0.43

Mangosteen peel

Absorption spectrum of mangosteen peel dye on TiO₂ showed absorption at wavelengths ranging from 350 to 550 nm

0.50

Papaya leaves

Molar extinction coefficient was found to be 86,300 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹ at 660 nm

0.41

Dragon fruit

Absorption spectrum showed peak value of 535 nm and found intermolecular H-bond, conjugate C=O stretching and esters acetates C–O–C stretching vibration, due to the component of anthocyanin

0.30

Red rose

Maximum absorption for red rose was found at 535 nm and maximum absorption coefficient was about 15 times higher than that of the N719 dye

0.36

Lawsonia inermis leaves

Showed absorption maxima at 518 nm due to higher solubility in ethanol

0.58

E. conferta

Showed a broad maximum around 530–560 nm with maximum absorption at 540 nm

0.56

G. atroviridis

Absorption peaks were observed to be between 540 and 550 nm with maximum absorption at 540 nm

0.63

Sweet pomegranate

Maximum absorption of the dye onto TiO₂ was found at 536 nm

0.55

Cosmos

Peaks were observed at about 505 and 590 nm of wavelengths, respectively verifying the charge injection from the excited state of the natural sensitizer

0.61

Golden trumpet

Positive shift in the absorption peak was observed after adsorption

0.54

JDND2

Jackfruit derived natural dye (JDND) exhibited overriding photo-absorption in a spectral range of 350–800 nm with an optical bandgap of ∼ 1.1 eV

0.60

Indian jamun

An improvement in ideality factor (A) was observed 4.8 for Jamun dye-based DSSC

0.58

Nephelium lappaceum

–

0.35

Tamarillo fruit

Tamarillo pulp showed highest absorbance in the visible light wavelength of ~ 450–560 nm

–

Chlorophyll

–

0.59

Xanthophyll

Xanthophyll dye showed more stable (shows low degradation over a 24-h period) than chlorophyll under light, but concentration of the adsorbed xanthophyll pigments was found to be 2.5 × 10⁻⁴ μg/ml, much lesser than that of chlorophyll pigments (2.2 μg/ml)

0.54

Kenaf Hibiscus

UV spectra showed a peak at 378 nm and a small hump at 554 nm, whereas dye absorbed TiO₂ film showed two peaks at 385 nm and 548 nm with broad absorption spectra in the visible range as required for a solar cell

0.60