Efficient Production of High-Quality Few-Layer Graphene Using a Simple Hydrodynamic-Assisted Exfoliation Method

Table 1 A summary of the concentration, length, and I_D/I_G of the few-layer graphene produced by different fluid dynamics methods

Methods	Graphene concentration	Length	Raman I_D/I_G	Operating conditions	Reference
Needle valve	0.4 mg/ml	1.9 μm	0.1	Pressure: 20 MPa	This work
Jet cavitation	0.12 mg/ml	–	0.277	Pressure: 30 MPa	Liang et al. [29]
High shear mixer	0.27 mg/ml	0.35–0.9 μm	0.14–0.18	Rotor speed: 9500 rpm	Liu et al. [26]
High shear mixer	0.07 mg/ml	0.3–0.8 μm	0.17–0.37	Rotor speed: 4500 rpm	Paton et al. [28]
Shear mixer	0.0576 mg/ml	0.35 μm	0.25–0.63	Rotor speed: 1000 rpm	Xu et al. [33]
High pressure homogenizer	0.223 mg/ ml	0.02–0.58 μm	0.52–0.78	Pressure: 53 MPa	Nacken et al. [31]
High pressure homogenizer	7 mg/ ml	1.41 μm	0.21	Pressure: 50 MPa	Arao et al. [32]
High pressure homogenizer	–	0.31 μm	0.24	Pressure: 35–43 MPa	Arao et al. [35]
Kitchen blender	0.22 mg/ ml	–	< 0.12	Rotor speed: 5000 rpm	Yi et al. [27]
Kitchen blender	1 mg/ml	0.63 μm	0.3–0.7	Rotor speed: 18,000 rpm	Varrla et al. [30]