Nanostructured Pd-Based Electrocatalyst and Membrane Electrode Assembly Behavior in a Passive Direct Glycerol Fuel Cell

Table 2 Quantitative results carbon (C), palladium (Pd), and aurum (Au) elements on the surface of the electrocatalysts and binding energy from XPS analysis

Electrocatalysts	Weight percentage (%)			Atomic percentage (%)			Peak binding energy (eV)	Peak binding energy (eV)
Electrocatalysts	C	Pd	Pd_5/2	Pd_5/2	Pd	Au	Peak binding energy (eV)	Peak binding energy (eV)
Au/VGCNF	83.4	–	16.6	98.8	–	1.2	–	84.1
Pd/VGCNF	85.7	14.3	–	98.15	1.85	–	335.0	–
Pd₁Au₁/VGCNF	80.8	8.8	335.1	335.1	1.2	0.8	335.1	83.9