Table 2 Some of the metal nanoparticles and metal nanoparticle conjugates that have been demonstrated as having antiviral properties
From: Magnetic Functionalized Nanoparticles for Biomedical, Drug Delivery and Imaging Applications
Type of nanoparticle | Size (nm) | Antiviral application | Mechanism of action | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
AgNPs | 10–50 | Hepatitis B virus (HBV) | Interaction with DNA and/or binding with virus particles | [113] |
Ag-PS-NPs | 10–80 | Monkeypox virus (MPV) | Blocking of virus-host cell binding and penetration | [114] |
PVP-AgNPs | 30–50 | Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) | Prevention of HIV-1 transfection | |
Au-MES | 4 | Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) | Competition with host cell binding | [117] |
Gold coated with an amphiphilic sulfate ligand | 2 | Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) | Binding to gp120 | [118] |
Copper iodide (CuI) nanoparticles | 100–400 | Feline calicivirus (FCV) | ROS generation and subsequent capsid protein oxidation | [119] |
Copper iodide (CuI) nanoparticles | 160 | Influenza A of swine origin (H1N1) | Generation of hydroxyl radicals and degradation of viral proteins | [120] |