Abstract
We demonstrate the broadband visible organic photodetectors (OPDs) by introducing a non-fullerene acceptor of 3,9-bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1dicyanomethylene)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3d:2,3′-d′]-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene (ITIC) into the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) based on a conventional system of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT):[6,6]-phenyl C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) .The resultant OPDs exhibit a specific detectivity beyond 1012 Jones in the whole visible region ranged from 380 nm to 760 nm, and the highest detectivity reaches 2.67 × 1012 Jones at 710 nm. UV-Vis absorption spectrum, steady-state photoluminescence, atomic force microscopy, and space-charge-limited current property were applied to analyze the film characteristics of obtained OPDs. Owing to the long-wavelength absorption band of ITIC, the spectral photodetection range has been broadened effectively, and better film morphology, more effective energy transfer, and the reduced electron mobility in the active layer are responsible for the excellent photodetection capability. The proposed scheme provides a reliable strategy for implementing high-performance broadband visible OPDs.
Introduction
Visible light, as part of electromagnetic spectrum that can be directly perceived by human vision (380–780 nm), plays an important role in daily life and industrial production [1]. Visible light remote sensing is the most commonly used in aerial photographic reconnaissance. Color image sensing is also mostly based on visible light, etc. [2]. As a bridge between the optical signal and electrical signal, photodetector plays an irreplaceable role in the above applications, thus causing extensive and continuous attention [3]. Therefore, the research of high-performance visible photodetector is imperative and of great significance. Compared with traditional inorganic photodetectors, organic photodetectors (OPDs) have attracted tremendous attention for applications in flexible and portable electronic applications due to their flexibility, tunable absorption, lightweight, large-area detection, and low cost of preparation [4]. In recent years, although OPDs have made some achievements in such aspects as high-external quantum efficiency [5], low dark current density [6] and high detectivity [7], there are only a few research attempts to investigate high-performance broadband OPDs with full visible photodetection until now.
The efficient light harvesting and broad absorption range are of crucial importance in broadband OPDs. Therefore, many donor and acceptor materials with different band gaps have been developed and many classical donor/acceptor heterojunction systems have been constructed in the course of past research [8]. Among them, poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) bulk heterojunction (BHJ) has been widely studied in organic photovoltaic devices, on account of its relatively high-carriers mobility, stable performance, simple structure, low cost, and mature preparation process [9, 10]. Nevertheless, although the spectral response of P3HT:PC71BM covers 400–600 nm, it is not wide enough to constitute full visible photodetection, because of the absence of the long-wave region. Therefore, it is necessary to find an effective method to expand the spectral response range of P3HT:PC71BM conventional system. Similar to organic solar cells (OSCs) [11, 12], introducing a third material into the active layer is one of the most efficient and simple methods to fulfill the broadband OPDs with extended photodetection range and excellent performance [13]. For example, Rauch et al. developed the P3HT:PC71BM BHJ where PbS quantum dots as the introducing component, which successfully extended the detective range of OPDs to 1800 nm [14]. Mario Caironi et al. developed the T1:P3HT:PC71BM OPDs with broadband response of 360–680 nm by introducing a middle-wavelength-absorption electron donor T1 [15].
Recently, a new class of non-fullerene electron acceptors has shown high absorption coefficients and excellent electrical properties, yielding widespread concern in the research of photovoltaic devices [16, 17]. Compared with conventional fullerene derivatives acceptors, non-fullerene acceptors have diversified and strong absorption, so they are the better options to introduce into the traditional system as the third component [18]. For example, Tan et al. developed a ternary acceptor blending device by doping 3,9-bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1dicyanomethylene)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3d:2,3′-d′]-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene (ITIC) in the PBDTBDD:PC60BM blend to achieve perfect complementary absorption and high PCE of 10.36% [19]. Furthermore, the distinctive feature of ITIC is the long-wave spectral response of 600–800 nm, compared with the short and medium wave response inherent in traditional fullerene derivatives. Therefore, ITIC may be suitable for combination with P3HT:PC71BM BHJ with the response of 400–600 nm, which can extend the photodetection range to the long-wave range to realize the effective photodetection of full visible spectrum continuously.
Hence, in this work, ITIC is firstly introduced into P3HT:PC71BM conventional system to form broadband OPDs. Compared with the control P3HT:PC71BM OPDs, the ternary blends system achieves a wider spectral response. Meanwhile, by tuning the ratios of ITIC and PC71BM respectively, the broadband OPDs covering the full visible band from 380 nm to 760 nm are obtained, compared with the original photodetection band of 380–620 nm. Moreover, due to the wider light harvesting region, better film morphology, more effective energy transfer, and the lower dark current, the optimizing OPDs exhibited a high detectivity of 2.12 × 1012 Jones and 2.67 × 1012 Jones at 560 nm and 710 nm, respectively.
Methods
The molecular structures of active layer materials used in this work are shown in Fig. 1a, and the broadband OPDs structure of indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) (45 nm)/P3HT:PC71BM:ITIC (100 nm)/Bphen (5 nm)/Ag (80 nm) is depicted in Fig. 1b. The energy levels of active layer materials in broadband OPDs are shown in Fig. 1c. The lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) levels of P3HT, ITIC, and PC71BM follow a normative cascade alignment, which indicates the potential efficient charge transport pathway among them. Bphen is used as a buffer layer to improve charge carrier transport ability and reduce the quenching of photo excitons at the interface between the active layer and the cathode [20]. Otherwise, the HOMO of Bphen is higher than active materials, which can be used as a hole-blocking layer to reduce dark current under reverse bias.
Before starting the OPDs fabrication, ITO substrates were consecutively cleaned in ultrasonic bath for each 10 min with water-detergent solution, acetone solvent, deionized water, and IPA solvent, respectively [21]. After dried in the oven, these ITO substrates were treated with oxygen plasma for 20 min. Then, PEDOT:PSS was spin-coated at 3000 rpm for 60 s on ITO substrates. After thermal annealing at 150 °C for 20 min, the substrates were moved into a high-purity glovebox (O2, H2O < 1 ppm). P3HT, PC71BM, and ITIC were dissolved in chlorobenzene with different mass ratios. The total concentration of these materials was fixed at 30 mg ml−1, and the blend mass ratio of donor (P3HT) and acceptors (PC71BM, ITIC) was fixed at 1:1. Active layer solutions were spin cast on the top of PEDOT:PSS layer at 2000 rpm for 60 s. Subsequently, the blend films were annealed at 120 °C for 10 min. Followed by the deposition of Ag as anode at a deposition speed of 5 Å S−1. The active area of these OPDs was 0.02 cm2.
Device Characterization
The ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption was measured by using a Shimazu UV1700 UV-Vis spectroscopy system. The steady-state photoluminescence (PL) was measured by using a Hitachi F-7000 PL spectroscopy. Surface morphologies of active layers were characterized by atomic force microscope (AFM, AFM 5500, Agilent, Tapping Mode, Chengdu, China). A light source was used as an AM 1.5 G solar simulator with an illumination power of 100 mW cm−2. The current density-voltage (J-V) curves of OPDs in the dark and under illumination were measured with a Keithley 4200 programmable voltage-current source. The EQE spectra were obtained under a xenon lamp light passing through a monochromator. All parameters were measured at room temperature (T = 300 k).
Results and Discussion
Characterization of Active Layers
The absorption spectra of pure P3HT, PC71BM, and ITIC films are displayed in Fig. 2a. PC71BM can absorb the short wavelength from 350 nm to 550 nm. P3HT can utilize light in the middle wavelength from 450 nm to 600 nm. And the non-fullerene electron acceptor, ITIC, can realize the absorption from 600 nm to 800 nm. Obviously, these three active layer materials achieve a favorable complementary in full visible spectrum. So, the blend films have the superexcellent potential of realizing full visible photodetection. Moreover, the absorption spectra of the active layers (P3HT:PC71BM:ITIC) with different ratios are depicted in Fig. 2b. P3HT:PC71BM films show favorable light absorption capacity from 400 nm to 600 nm, but there is almost no absorption in the long-wave region after 600 nm. After introducing ITIC, a new absorption peak is generated from 600 nm to 750 nm because of the contribution of ITIC. With the gradual increase of the incorporation of ITIC, the absorption capacity of the blend films in the long wavelength gradually increases, which is beneficial to broaden the long wavelength detective spectrum of P3HT:PC71BM control system. Furthermore, the absorption intensity at short and long wavelengths can be effectively tuned by varying the ratios of PC71BM and ITIC. In particular, balanced absorption intensity is achieved when the mass ratio of the active layer is 1:0.5:0.5, which is obviously beneficial to equilibrate photodetection of OPDs in short and long wavelengths simultaneously and realize the broadband OPDs with full visible photodetection.
To investigate the influence of introducing ITIC on the energy transfer in active layers, steady-state photoluminescence (PL) tests were performed. As shown in Fig. 3a, when excited by 500 nm light, the neat P3HT and ITIC films exhibit PL peaks at 640 nm and 760 nm, respectively. Compared with neat P3HT film, the PL intensity of P3HT is greatly quenched in P3HT:ITIC film, which indicates the existence of an energy transfer between P3HT and ITIC [22]. Similarly, the PL emission of P3HT is greatly quenched by doping with PC71BM in the P3HT:PC71BM film, which indicates analogical efficient energy transfer between P3HT and PC71BM. Moreover, when introducing ITIC to the P3HT:PC71BM blend film, the PL intensity is almost completely quenched, and the PL curve of ternary blend film is below all other curves. It means that both ITIC and PC71BM can coordinately transfer the energy in ternary films. It is concluded that the energy transfer efficiency of ternary films is better than that of binary films. Combined with the fact that the former has a wider light absorption range than the latter to capture more photons to contribute to the photocurrent, it indicates P3HT:PC71BM:ITIC OPDs may have higher photocurrent than P3HT:PC71BM OPDs in theory.
To investigate the influence of charge carrier transport properties by the introduction of ITIC, the space-charge-limited current (SCLC) model was adopted for mobility quantify. The electron-only devices were fabricated with the structure of ITO/ZnO (30 nm)/P3HT:PC71BM:ITIC (100 nm)/Bphen (5 nm)/Ag (80 nm). The SCLC is described by the Mott–Gurney equation [23]:
where ε0 is the vacuum permittivity, ε is the relative permittivity of the organic materials, μ is the charge carrier mobility, V is the applied voltage, and d is the thickness of the active layers. J-V characteristics in dark condition for the electron-only devices with different active layers are shown in Fig. 3b. According to Eq. (1), the electron mobility of devices with different ratios are 1.48 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1, 8.92 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1, 7.89 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1, 4.75 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1, and 4.43 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. With the increase of the proportion of ITIC, the electron mobility of device decreases significantly since the electron mobility of ITIC is lower than PC71BM [24], which may cause the dark current of the OPDs to decrease after the introducing of ITIC [25].
For OPDs, the surface morphology of the active layer has a great influence on charge transport and exciton dissociation. An active layer with favorable surface morphology can inhibit the charge recombination and improve photocurrent [26]. Hence, the surface morphologies of active layers with different ratios are investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), which are depicted in Fig. 4. According to the height image, the surface of the P3HT: PC71BM: ITIC (1:1:0) film is a little rough and the root-mean-square (RMS) roughness is about 0.932 nm. From the phase image, we can see that the arrangement of molecules is not completely uniform and orderly. After doping some portion ITIC to the blend (1:0.7:0.3, 1:0.5:0.5, 1:0.3:0.7), the surface morphology of the active layer changes greatly and the RMS roughness goes down to 0.690 nm, 0.634 nm, and 0.701 nm, respectively. The variation of RMS may be attributed to the changed aggregation state, as can be seen from phase diagrams. Compared with the P3HT:PC71BM binary film, the ITIC doped blend films exhibits the smoother surface and more ordered molecular arrangement. However, when the ratio of the blend becomes 1:0:1, the RMS roughness increases to 1.386 nm and the film morphology is not smooth enough caused by granular undesirable molecular aggregation, which may lead to the increase of charge recombination and low photocurrent. According to the AFM characterization results, the ternary blend films have better morphological characteristics than binary films, which are due to the ordered arrangement of molecules of the two acceptors, reducing the molecular aggregation in the ternary films.
According to the absorption spectra of active layers, the long-wavelength absorption band of introduced ITIC should be able to broaden the long wavelength photodetection range of OPDs effectively. Furthermore, the introduction of ITIC also changes the electrical properties and surface morphology of active layers. From the perspective of SCLC, the introduction of ITIC reduces the electron mobility of the active layer, which obviously would reduce the carrier transport capacity of the devices. This would have the same adverse effect on dark current and photocurrent. However, the introduction of ITIC also allows the active layer to capture more photons from long wavelength to contribute photocurrent, which overcomes the adverse effect of low electron mobility on photocurrent under light condition. Better film morphology and more effective energy transfer in the ternary active layer are also beneficial to the excellent photocurrent. In conclusion, dark current will decrease with the addition of ITIC, while photocurrent will change regularly under the influence of various factors. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare OPDs constructed by active layers with different ratios to determine the high photocurrent and low dark current, so as to achieve excellent photodetection performance.
Performance of OPDs
Figure 5 shows electrical performance parameters of OPDs with different ratio of active layers. The J-V curves of OPDs under light and dark conditions are presented in Fig. 5a. As shown, the OPDs with different mass ratios of active layer have significantly different photocurrent and dark current. Concretely, as the P3HT:PC71BM:ITIC ratio changes from 1:1:0 to 1:0.5:0.5, the photocurrent keeps increasing, which is caused by expanded light harvesting range, efficient energy transfer, and better film morphology in ternary blends. Conversely, as the P3HT:PC71BM:ITIC ratio changes from 1:0.5:0.5 to 1:0:1, the photocurrent keeps going down. However, the dark current keeps decreasing as the ITIC ratio increasing, which attribute to reduced electron mobility and unfavorable charge carrier transport caused by of excessive addition of the ITIC. The changing trend of photocurrent and dark current is consistent with the change of film properties caused by the change of ternary ratios of active layers. The on/off ratios characteristics of OPDs are investigated in Fig. 5b. The 1:0.5:0.5 OPDs show the highest on/off ratios in the reverse bias region than the other OPDs, demonstrating a much better switch property, which is due to the highest photocurrent and lower dark current.
Additionally, to make sure the OPDs have a stable and recoverable response ability, the current density as a function of time is shown in Fig. 5c for the broadband OPDs with various ratios. The cyclical current signals were recorded upon the on/off modulation of the light illumination. Each cycle is 20 s with an exposure time of 10 s and the total duration is 120 s. The results show that the current of each OPD increases significantly under illumination and returns to the original level after the light is turned off. It is obvious that these OPDs have stable and repeatable response/recovery characteristics, which is desirable for practical applications [27].
To further investigate the influence of the ITIC ratio on recombination of OPDs in light condition, JSC as a function of light intensity is plotted. In general, a power law dependence between JSC and I can be expressed as JSC∝Iα. When α approaches 1, bimolecular recombination is relatively weak [28, 29]. As shown in Fig. 5d, the OPDs with the ratio of 1:1:0, 1:0.7:0.3, and 1:0.5:0.5 have the similar α values, which are 0.817, 0.797, and 0.803, respectively. This means that these three OPDs have a similar level of bimolecular recombination. However, due to the introduction of ITIC, more long-wave photons are absorbed in ternary active layers, so that the photocurrent of the OPDs with moderate doping ITIC is greater than that of the P3HT:PC71BM OPDs. As further changing the ternary ratios to 1:0.3:0.7 and 1:0:1, the α values drop to 0.713 and 0.680, respectively. This indicates that the large amount of ITIC doping intensifies the recombination and significantly reduces the photocurrent.
In order to describe the spectral response characteristics of the OPDs, the EQE curves of the OPDs with various P3HT: PC71BM: ITIC ratios are showed in Fig. 6a. And some parameters of spectral detection performance at different specific wavelengths are listed in Table 1. The device based on binary P3HT:PC71BM film shows flat EQE peak covering the ranges of 400–600 nm, attributed to the absorption of P3HT and PC71BM. After introducing non-fullerene, ITIC, into P3HT:PC71BM, the EQE curve of the broadband OPDs extends to 760 nm, and a new spectral peak from 650 nm to 750 nm is generated. Furthermore, the relative response intensity of the different spectral ranges can be tuned by changing the mass ratios of P3HT, PC71BM, and ITIC. From the EQE curves, the synergy between the donor and acceptors at optimal mass ratio, 1:0.5:0.5, balances the EQE of the entire wavelength. The wide and flat EQE curve intuitively shows that the broadband OPDs doped with ITIC effectively extends the continuous optical response range to the long-wave range, covering with whole visible spectrum of 380–760 nm.
Responsivity (R) describes the conversion ability from photons to charge carriers of OPDs, which is used to determine the ability of light response [30]. R is calculated as the Eq. (2):
where EQE is external quantum efficiency, q is the electron charge, λ is the wavelength of incident light, h is the Planck constant, and v is the frequency of light. According to Eq. (2), the trend of R is dependent on the EQE and λ when the other parameters are constant. The calculated results of R values are shown in Fig. 6b and Table 1. Similar to the EQE curves, 1:0.5:0.5 based OPDs obtain higher R than other OPDs in both long wavelength and short wavelength range. The R values of optimizing broadband OPDs reached 0.21 A W−1 and 0.25 A W−1 at 560 nm and 710 nm, respectively. The wide R curve indicates that the broadband OPDs doped with appropriate amount of ITIC can absorb the incident light of the full visible spectrum evenly and convert it into photocurrent efficiently.
As the most crucial performance parameter of OPDs, the D* is employed to determine the photosensitivity of OPDs. The D* of OPDs can be defined as the Eq. (3):
The calculated results of D* are shown in Fig. 6c. For the control OPDs based on P3HT:PC71BM, the detectivity exceeds 1.0 × 1012 Jones from 380 nm to 600 nm and reaches 1.67 × 1012 Jones at 560 nm. For comparison, OPDs doping by ITIC have extended the effective photodetection range to the full visible spectrum of 380–760 nm. Specifically, the detectivity of obtained OPDs with ratio of 1:0.5:0.5 reached 2.12 × 1012 Jones and 2.67 × 1012 Jones at 560 nm and 710 nm, respectively. On the one hand, the photodetection range of OPDs have been broadened by the addition of ITIC. On the other hand, the detectivity of optimizing OPDs in the full visible spectrum is higher than that of other OPDs, which is caused by high photocurrent and low dark current at the optimizing ratio of active layer.
Conclusions
In summary, the high-performance OPDs with full visible light photodetection are fabricated by introducing a non-fullerene acceptor of ITIC into the P3HT:PC71BM control system. The three materials form the complementary spectrum, which together effectively realize a broadband photodetector covering whole visible spectrum. Moreover, the OPDs with appropriate ratio of P3HT:PC71BM:ITIC exhibit a better photon-harvesting ability, lower dark current, more efficient energy transfer, and more favorable film morphology to improve detectivity. Remarkably, our approach is concise, highly reproducible, and scalable. Our work indicates that choosing suitable non-fullerene electron acceptor and binary system to construct the active layer of complementary light absorption spectrum is an effective method to achieve high-performance broadband OPDs, which will be widespread applicable in the future research.
Availability of Data and Materials
All data are fully available without restriction.
Abbreviations
- AFM:
-
Atomic force microscope
- BHJ:
-
Bulk heterojunction
- Bphen:
-
Bathophenanthroline
- D*:
-
Detectivity
- EQE::
-
External quantum efficiency
- HOMO:
-
The highest occupied molecular orbital
- ITIC:
-
3,9-Bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1dicyanomethylene)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3d:2,3′-d′]-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene
- ITO:
-
Indium tin oxide
- J d :
-
Dark current density
- J-V :
-
The current density-voltage
- LUMO:
-
The lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
- OPDs:
-
Organic photodetectors
- OSCs:
-
Organic solar cells
- P3HT:
-
Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl)
- PC71BM:
-
[6,6]-Phenyl C71-butyric acid methyl ester
- PEDOT:PSS:
-
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate
- PL:
-
Steady-state photoluminescence
- RMS:
-
Root mean square
- UV-Vis:
-
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy
References
Jansen-van Vuuren RD, Armin A, Pandey AK, Burn PL, Meredith P (2016) Organic photodiodes: the future of full color detection and image sensing. Adv Mater 28:4766–4802
Ng TN, Wong WS, Chabinyc ML, Sambandan S, Street RA (2008) Flexible image sensor array with bulk heterojunction organic photodiode. Appl Phys Lett 92:213303
Xie C, Yan F (2017) Flexible photodetectors based on novel functional materials. Small. 13:1701822
Baeg KJ, Binda M, Natali D, Caironi M, Noh YY (2013) Organic light detectors: photodiodes and phototransistors. Adv Mater 25:4267–4295
Xu X, Kwon H, Gawlik B, Mohammadi Estakhri N, Alu A, Sreenivasan SV, Dodabalapur A (2018) Enhanced photoresponse in metasurface-integrated organic photodetectors. Nano Lett 18:3362–3367
Yoon S, Cho J, Sim KM, Ha J, Chung DS (2017) Low dark current inverted organic photodiodes using anionic polyelectrolyte as a cathode interlayer. Appl Phys Lett 110:083301
Wei YZ, Ren ZW, Zhang AD, Mao P, Li H, Zhong XH, Li WW, Yang SY, Wang JZ (2018) Hybrid organic/pbs quantum dot bilayer photodetector with low dark current and high detectivity. Adv Funct Mater 28:1706690
Cheng YJ, Yang SH, Hsu CS (2009) Synthesis of conjugated polymers for organic solar cell applications. Chem Rev 109:5868–5923
Wang HY, Xing S, Zheng YF, Kong J, Yu JS, Taylor AD (2018) Three-phase morphology evolution in sequentially solution-processed polymer photodetector: toward low dark current and high photodetectivity. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 10:3856–3864
Wang TN, Hu YF, Deng ZB, Wang Y, Lv LF, Zhu LJ, Lou ZD, Hou YB, Teng F (2017) High sensitivity, fast response and low operating voltage organic photodetectors by incorporating a water/alcohol soluble conjugated polymer anode buffer layer. RSC Adv 7:1743–1748
Fan BB, Zhu P, Xin JM, Li N, Ying L, Zhong WK, Li ZY, Ma W, Huang F, Cao Y (2018) High-performance thick-film all-polymer solar cells created via ternary blending of a novel wide-bandgap electron-donating copolymer. Adv Energy Mater. 8:1703085
Ma XL, Gao W, Yu JS, An QS, Zhang M, Hu ZH, Wang JX, Tang WH, Yang CL, Zhang FJ (2018) Ternary nonfullerene polymer solar cells with efficiency >13.7% by integrating the advantages of the materials and two binary cells. Energy Environ Sci 11:2134–2141
Wang HY, Zheng YF, Qin RH, Yu JS (2018) Highly sensitive panchromatic ternary polymer photodetectors enabled by Förster resonance energy transfer and post solvent treatment. J Phys D Appl Phys 51:104002
Rauch T, Böberl M, Tedde SF, Fürst J, Kovalenko MV, Hesser G, Lemmer U, Heiss W, Hayden O (2009) Near-infrared imaging with quantum-dot-sensitized organic photodiodes. Nat Photonics. 3:332–336
Pace G, Grimoldi A, Natali D, Sampietro M, Coughlin JE, Bazan GC, Caironi M (2014) All-organic and fully-printed semitransparent photodetectors based on narrow bandgap conjugated molecules. Adv Mater. 26:6773–6777
An QS, Zhang FJ, Zhang J, Tang WH, Deng ZB, Hu B (2016) Versatile ternary organic solar cells: a critical review. Energy Environ Sci 9:281–322
Cheng P, Li G, Zhan XW, Yang Y (2018) Next-generation organic photovoltaics based on non-fullerene acceptors. Nat Photonics 12:131–142
Liu XY, Yan YJ, Yao Y, Liang ZQ (2018) Ternary blend strategy for achieving high-efficiency organic solar cells with nonfullerene acceptors involved. Adv Funct Mater 28:1802004
Liu H, Li J, Xia L, Bai Y, Hu S, Liu J, Liu L, Hayat T, Alsaedi A, Tan Z (2018) Perfect complementary in absorption spectra with fullerene, nonfullerene acceptors and medium band gap donor for high-performance ternary polymer solar cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 10:29831–29839
Wang NN, Yu JS, Zang Y, Huang J, Jiang YD (2010) Effect of buffer layers on the performance of organic photovoltaic cells based on copper phthalocyanine and C60. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 94:263–266
Wu MG, Zhao D, Wang ZJ, Yu JS (2018) High-luminance perovskite light-emitting diodes with high-polarity alcohol solvent treating PEDOT:PSS as hole transport layer. Nanoscale Res Lett 13:128
Wang F, Yang XY, Niu MS, Feng L, Hao XT (2019) Förster resonance energy transfer and morphology optimization for high-performance ternary organic photodetectors. Organic Electronics 67:146–152
Riminucci A, Graziosi P, Calbucci M, Cecchini R, Prezioso M, Borgatti F, Bergenti I, Dediu VA (2018) Low intrinsic carrier density LSMO/Alq3/AlOx/Co organic spintronic devices. Appl Phys Lett 112:142401
Park Y, Fuentes-Hernandez C, Jia XJ, Larrain FA, Zhang JX, Marder SR, Kippelen B (2018) Measurements of the field-effect electron mobility of the acceptor ITIC. Org Electron 58:290–293
Wetzelaer GAH, Kuik M, Lenes M, Blom PWM (2011) Origin of the dark-current ideality factor in polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells. Appl Phys Lett 99:153506
Xie Y, Yang F, Li Y, Uddin MA, Bi P, Fan B, Cai Y, Hao X, Woo HY, Li W, Liu F, Sun Y (2018) Morphology control enables efficient ternary organic solar cells. Adv Mater 30:1803045
Wu CC, Du BW, Luo W, Liu Y, Li TY, Wang D, Guo X, Ting H, Fang ZY, Wang SF, Chen ZJ, Chen YX, Xiao LX (2018) Highly efficient and stable self-powered ultraviolet and deep-blue photodetector based on Cs2AgBiBr6/SnO2 heterojunction. Adv Optical Mater 6:1800811
Koster LJ, Kemerink M, Wienk MM, Maturova K, Janssen RA (2011) Quantifying bimolecular recombination losses in organic bulk heterojunction solar cells. Adv Mater 23:1670–1674
Liu X, Du XY, Wang JY, Duan CH, Tang XF, Heumueller T, Liu GG, Li Y, Wang ZH, Wang J, Liu F, Li N, Brabec CJ, Huang F, Cao Y (2018) Efficient organic solar cells with extremely high open-circuit voltages and low voltage losses by suppressing nonradiative recombination losses. Adv Energy Mater 8:1801699
Khan AA, Yu ZN, Khan U, Dong L (2018) Solution processed trilayer structure for high-performance perovskite photodetector. Nanoscale Res Lett 13:399
Funding
This work was financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFB0407102), the Foundation of National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grant Nos. 61421002, 61675041, and 51703019), and Sichuan Science and Technology Program (Grant Nos. 2019YFH0005, 2019YFG0121, and 2019YJ0178).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
GY designed and carried out the experiments. GY, ZW, YD, and DZ participated in the work to analyze the data and prepared the manuscript initially. JY gave materials and equipment supporting. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Authors’ Information
Genjie Yang received his B.A. degree from School of Optoelectronic Information at UESTC in 2017. He has been studying for his Master degree at State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices (SKLETFID) andUESTC since 2017, where her main research interest is in organic photodetectors and perovskite photodetectors.
Zijun Wang received his B.A. degree from School of Optoelectronic Information at UESTC in 2015. He has been studying for his Master degree at State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices (SKLETFID) and UESTC since 2015, where his main research interests are in light-emitting diodes and photodetectors based on perovskite materials.
Yuxiang Duan has been studying for his B.A. degree at State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices (SKLETFID) and UESTC since 2016.
Dan Zhao received his B.A. degree and Master degree from School of Material of Science and Engineering at the Taiyuan University of Technology in 2013 and 2016, respectively. He has been studying for his Ph.D. degree at State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices (SKLETFID) and UESTC since 2016. His main research interests are in interfacing engineering and photon management in organic semiconductor materials and devices.
Junsheng Yu got his Ph.D. degree from Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering at Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology in 2001. He is the Professor of SKLETFID and UESTC majoring in organic photoelectronic and electronic materials and devices.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, G., Wang, Z., Duan, Y. et al. High-Performance Organic Photodetectors by Introducing a Non-Fullerene Acceptor to Broaden Long Wavelength Detective Spectrum. Nanoscale Res Lett 14, 201 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-019-3033-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-019-3033-8