Fig. 3

Determining the amounts of APTES and GNP. Three different concentrations (1.25, 2.5, and 5%) of APTES were used with three dilutions of GNP (25, 50, and 100%). a Visual detection of FIX after adding the substrate. Control lanes without FIX were included. b Graphical representation of the optimum APTES level. 2.5% APTES and 25% GNP were found to be optimal