Fig. 3From: Complementation of ELISA and an Interdigitated Electrode Surface in Gold Nanoparticle Functionalization for Effective Detection of Human Blood Clotting DefectsDetermining the amounts of APTES and GNP. Three different concentrations (1.25, 2.5, and 5%) of APTES were used with three dilutions of GNP (25, 50, and 100%). a Visual detection of FIX after adding the substrate. Control lanes without FIX were included. b Graphical representation of the optimum APTES level. 2.5% APTES and 25% GNP were found to be optimalBack to article page